Table 1.
General Characteristics and Biochemical Parameters of the Subjects with Self-Reported Diabetes in All Four Regions of India Studied
| Parameter | Overall | Urban | Rural | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 480 | 254 | 226 | |
| Age (years) | 53±12 | 54±11 | 53±13 | 0.757 |
| Age distribution [n (%)] | ||||
| 20–24 years | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0.934 |
| 25–34 years | 21 (4.4) | 7 (2.8) | 14 (6.2) | 0.066 |
| 35–44 years | 86 (17.9) | 41 (16.1) | 45 (19.9) | 0.282 |
| 45–54 years | 146 (30.4) | 88 (34.6) | 58 (25.7) | 0.033* |
| 55–65 years | 138 (28.8) | 75 (29.5) | 63 (27.9) | 0.690 |
| 65+ years | 87 (18.1) | 42 (16.5) | 45 (19.9) | 0.338 |
| Male [n (%)] | 268 (55.8) | 148 (58.3) | 120 (53.1) | 0.255 |
| Type 1 diabetes [n (%)] | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.4) | — |
| Education level [n (%)] | ||||
| Illiterate/less than primary school | 145 (30.2) | 58 (22.8) | 87 (38.5) | <0.001† |
| Middle or high school | 278 (57.9) | 148 (58.3) | 130 (57.5) | 0.869 |
| College or higher | 57 (11.9) | 48 (18.9) | 9 (4.0) | <0.001† |
| Household income (INR) | ||||
| <5,000 | 218 (48.8) | 81 (34.8) | 137 (64.0) | <0.001† |
| 5,000–10,000 | 105 (23.5) | 66 (28.3) | 39 (18.2) | 0.012* |
| >10,000 | 124 (27.7) | 86 (36.9) | 38 (17.8) | <0.001† |
| Alcohol user [n (%)] | ||||
| Current | 54 (11.3) | 30 (11.8) | 24 (10.6) | 0.680 |
| Former | 33 (6.9) | 18 (7.1) | 15 (6.6) | 0.846 |
| Smoking [n (%)] | ||||
| Current | 52 (10.8) | 37 (14.6) | 15 (6.6) | 0.005* |
| Former | 32 (6.7) | 16 (6.3) | 16 (7.1) | 0.732 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.4±4.4 | 25.6±3.9 | 25.3±4.9 | 0.546 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| Male | 92.9±11.3 | 93.8±10.1 | 91.9±12.5 | 0.180 |
| Female | 86.9±12.4 | 87.9±10.1 | 85.8±14.3 | 0.210 |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||
| Systolic | 141±21 | 142±21 | 141±22 | 0.662 |
| Diastolic | 82±10 | 82±10 | 82±11 | 0.729 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 181±83 | 179±81 | 182±85 | 0.750 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 178±40 | 177±42 | 180±37 | 0.508 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)a | 166 | 168 | 164 | 0.340 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | ||||
| Male | 34±8 | 33±8 | 34±9 | 0.401 |
| Female | 40±11 | 40±12 | 40±10 | 0.924 |
| Duration of diabetes since diagnosis (years) | 6.4±6.3 | 6.8±6.9 | 5.9±5.6 | 0.135 |
| Prescribed medication [n (%)] | ||||
| OHA | 367 (76.5) | 203 (79.9) | 164 (72.6) | 0.058 |
| Insulin | 11 (2.3) | 5 (2.0) | 6 (2.7) | 0.616 |
| OHA+insulin | 39 (8.1) | 19 (7.5) | 20 (8.8) | 0.584 |
| Neither | 63 (13.1) | 27 (10.6) | 36 (15.9) | 0.086 |
Data are mean±SD values unless indicated otherwise.
a
Data are presented as geometric mean values.
Statistically significant differences are indicated: *P<0.05, †P<0.001, for rural compared with urban participants.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; INR, Indian rupee; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent.