Table 3. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls) for gastrointestinal cancers incidence associated with treatment of diabetes at enrollment *.
| Type of cancer | diabetes-not on medication | diabetes –on oral medications only | diabetes – receiving insulin | Diabetes with Metformin treatment | Diabetes with Non-Metformin treatment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | HR (95% CI) | Cases | HR (95% CI) | Cases | HR (95% CI) | cases | HR (95% CI) | cases | HR (95% CI) | |
| Liver | 2 | 1.45 (0.35 – 5.97) | 10 | 3.74 (1.84 - 7.62) | 5 | 3.13 (1.19 - 8.25) | 1 | 1.49 (0.20 – 10.97) | 14 | 3.78 (2.00 – 7.15) |
| Biliary | 0 | - | 7 | 1.63 (0.74 - 3.60) | 4 | 1.88 (0.67 - 5.26) | 0 | - | 11 | 2.04 (1.06 – 3.92) |
| Pancreas | 4 | 0.68 (0.25 - 1.83) | 20 | 1.74 (1.09 - 2.77) | 15 | 2.42 (1.41 - 4.15) | 10 | 3.38 (1.78 - 6.44) | 25 | 1.16 (1.08 – 2.53) |
| Colon | 33 | 1.45 (1.02 - 2.05) | 59 | 1.28 (0.98 - 1.67) | 36 | 1.42 (1.01 – 1.99) | 18 | 1.53 (0.96 – 2.45) | 77 | 1.26 (1.00 – 1.60) |
| Rectum | 2 | 0.56 (0.14 - 2.26) | 15 | 2.16 (1.26 - 3.73) | 10 | 2.73 (1.41 - 5.29) | 2 | 1.17 (0.29 - 3.79) | 23 | 2.53 (1.60 - 4.00) |
In each multivariable model, we adjusted for age (<55, 55-59, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, ≥75), ethnicity (American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, Black or African-American, Hispanic/Latino, non-Hispanic white, and other), education (high school or less, some college/technical training, college or some post-college, and master's degree or higher), smoking status (never, former, current), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25.0-29.9, 30.0-34.9, 35.0-39.9, >=40), waist-to-hip ratio (quintile), physical activity (metabolic equivalent tasks [METs] per week: <5, 5-<10, 10-<20, 20-<30, 30 or more), alcohol intake (non-drinker, past drinker, <1drink per month, 1 drink/month-<1 drink/wk, 1-<7 drinks/wk, 7+drinks/wk), total daily energy intake (quintile), percent of daily dietary calories from fat (quintile), history of hormone therapy use (none, estrogen alone, estrogen and progestin, mixed) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use (yes, no). In addition, we adjusted for an additional variable (whether women ever had stomach or duodenal ulcer disease) for stomach cancer; an additional variable (whether women ever had liver disease) for liver cancer; and gallstone disease for biliary cancer.