TABLE 2.
Adult Americans who reported main meals and snacks in a 24-h recall by categories of weekday/workday duration of nighttime sleep: NHANES 2005–20101
| Duration of sleep |
|||||
| n | ≤6 h | 7–8 h | ≥9 h | 2 | |
| Reported breakfast | 14,992 | 833 (82, 85) | 86 (84, 87) | 823 (79, 85) | 0.002 |
| Reported lunch4 | |||||
| Men | 7496 | 77 (75, 79) | 78 (75, 80) | 74 (68, 78) | 0.2 |
| Women | 7496 | 763 (74, 78) | 82 (80, 84) | 78 (74, 82) | <0.0001 |
| Reported dinner | 14,992 | 913 (90, 92) | 93 (92, 94) | 93 (90, 94) | 0.04 |
| Reported all 3 main meals in the recall4,5 | |||||
| Men | 7496 | 59 (56, 61) | 61 (58, 63) | 513 (45, 56) | 0.002 |
| Women | 7496 | 603 (57, 62) | 67 (65, 69) | 64 (59, 69) | 0.0001 |
| Reported any snack6 before breakfast (among breakfast reporters) | 11,088 | 153 (13, 17) | 11 (10, 13) | 12 (9, 15) | 0.004 |
| Reported any snack after dinner (among dinner reporters) | 11,632 | 66 (63, 68) | 64 (63, 66) | 64 (59, 68) | 0.5 |
| Reported ≥50% of 24-h energy from snacks | 14,992 | 9.43 (8.6, 10.4) | 6.8 (6.0, 7.8) | 8.4 (6.5, 10.9) | 0.002 |
| EI:BEE7 of ≥1.2 | 14,753 | 52 (50, 54) | 55 (53, 57) | 53 (48, 57) | 0.07 |
Values are adjusted percentages (95% CIs) unless otherwise indicated. Values were derived from logistic regression models with each dietary variable as a dichotomous outcome. Independent variables included hours of sleep duration (≤6, 7–8, or ≥9 h), sex (in models for all), race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other), poverty-income ratio (<1.3, 1.3–3.5, >3.5, or unknown), years of education (<12, 12, some college, or college), BMI (in kg/m2; <25, 25 to <30, or ≥30), smoking status (never, former, or current smoker), alcohol use status (never, former, current drinker, or unknown), day of recall (Monday–Thursday or Friday–Sunday), month of mobile examination center examination (November–April or May–October), chronic disease (yes or no), and employed (yes or no). BEE, basal energy expenditure; EI, energy intake.
Derived by using Wald's global F test for differences among categories of hours of sleep duration.
Significantly different from the reference category of 7–8 h of sleep, P < 0.05.
Significant sleep by sex interaction (P-interaction ≤ 0.0006).
Main meals included eating episodes that were named as breakfast, brunch, lunch, dinner, and supper or their Spanish equivalents.
“Snack” included all eating episodes that were not main meals as defined above.
Ratio of reported EI to calculated energy requirement for basal needs (BEE). A ratio of <1.2 was used as an indicator of possible low energy reporting; n = 239 were excluded due to a BMI (in kg/m2) of <18.5.