TABLE 3.
Main meal and non–main meal episodes and their relative contribution to 24-h energy intake reported by adult Americans by categories of weekday/workday duration of nighttime sleep: NHANES 2005–20101
| Duration of sleep |
||||
| ≤6 h | 7–8 h | ≥9 h | 2 | |
| No. of all eating episodes | 4.99 (4.92, 5.07) | 4.98 (4.91, 5.04) | 4.89 (4.78, 4.99) | 0.2 |
| No. of all main meal3 episodes | 2.734 (2.69, 2.76) | 2.80 (2.77, 2.83) | 2.744 (2.68, 2.79) | 0.0004 |
| Twenty-four-hour energy from main meals (%) | 77.04 (76.3, 77.6) | 78.8 (78.2, 79.4) | 77.24 (75.9, 78.4) | 0.0002 |
| Number of all snack5 episodes | 2.27 (2.20, 2.34) | 2.18 (2.11, 2.24) | 2.15 (2.05, 2.25) | 0.07 |
| Twenty-four-hour energy from snack episodes (%) | 23.04 (22.3, 23.6) | 21.2 (20.6, 21.8) | 22.84 (21.5, 24.1) | 0.0002 |
| No. of snack episodes reported after dinner by dinner reporters (n = 7422) | 1.404 (1.36, 1.43) | 1.35 (1.32, 1.38) | 1.37 (1.30, 1.45) | 0.03 |
| Twenty-four-hour energy from after-dinner snacks by dinner reporters (n = 7422) (%) | 15.2 (14.5, 16.0) | 14.7 (14.1, 15.3) | 15.2 (13.7, 16.7) | 0.4 |
| Twenty-four-hour energy from all eating episodes reported at or after 2000 h (%) | 16.24 (15.2, 17.1) | 15.1 (14.3, 15.9) | 16.84 (15.1, 18.5) | 0.03 |
Values are adjusted means (95% CIs) from linear regression models with each dietary variable as a continuous outcome; n = 14,992, except as noted. Independent variables included hours of sleep duration (≤6, 7–8, or ≥9 h), sex (in models for all), race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other), poverty-income ratio (<1.3, 1.3–3.5, >3.5, or unknown), years of education (<12, 12, some college, or college), BMI (in kg/m2; <25, 25 to <30, or ≥30), smoking status (never, former, or current smoker), alcohol use status (never, former, current drinker, or unknown), day of recall (Monday–Thursday or Friday–Sunday), month of mobile examination center examination (November–April or May–October), chronic disease (yes or no), and employed (yes or no).
Derived by using Wald's global F test for differences among categories of hours of sleep duration.
“Main meals” included eating episodes named by the respondent as breakfast, brunch, lunch, dinner, and supper or their Spanish equivalents.
Significantly different from the reference category of 7–8 h of sleep, P < 0.05.
“Snack” included all eating episodes that were not main meals as defined above.