TABLE 4.
Adjusted mean intermeal intervals and clock time (95% CIs) of meals reported by adult Americans in a 24-h recall by categories of weekday/workday duration of nighttime sleep: NHANES 2005–20101
| Duration of sleep |
||||
| ≤6 h | 7–8 h | ≥9 h | 2 | |
| Length of the eating period3 (h) | 12.534 (12.38, 12.67) | 12.19 (12.09, 12.29) | 11.844 (11.64, 12.05) | <0.0001 |
| Average interval between eating episodes (h) | 2.664 (2.63, 2.69) | 2.60 (2.57, 2.63) | 2.57 (2.51, 2.62) | 0.005 |
| Clock time of the first eating episode of the day | 07504 (0741, 0759) | 0804 (0757, 0811) | 08244 (0811, 0836) | 0.0002 |
| Clock time of the last eating episode of the day | 20224 (2017, 2027) | 2016 (2011, 2020) | 2014 (2006, 2022) | 0.04 |
| Clock time of breakfast among breakfast reporters (n = 12,729) | 08014 (7:53, 0808) | 0808 (0803, 0813) | 08224 (8:11, 0832) | 0.006 |
| Clock time of lunch among lunch reporters (n = 11,052) | 1240 (1234, 1246) | 1241 (1236, 1246) | 1247 (1238, 1255) | 0.3 |
| Clock time of dinner among dinner reporters (n = 13,402) | 1818 (1809, 1827) | 1823 (1814, 1831) | 1821 (1811, 1832) | 0.4 |
Values were derived from linear regression models with each dietary variable as a continuous outcome; n = 14,992, except as noted. Independent variables included hours of sleep duration (≤6, 7–8, or ≥9 h), sex (in models for all), race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other), poverty-income ratio (<1.3, 1.3–3.5, >3.5, or unknown), years of education (<12, 12, some college, or college), BMI (in kg/m2; <25, 25 to <30, or ≥30), smoking status (never, former, or current smoker), alcohol use status (never, former, current drinker, or unknown), day of recall (Monday–Thursday or Friday–Sunday), month of mobile examination center examination (November–April or May–October), chronic disease (yes or no), and employed (yes or no).
Derived by using Wald's global F test for differences among 3 categories of hours of sleep duration.
Interval between the reported times of the first and the last eating episodes in the 24-h recall.
Significantly different from the reference category of 7–8 h of sleep, P < 0.05.