TABLE 5.
Adjusted mean (95% CI) dietary energy and macronutrient intakes reported by adult Americans by categories of weekday/workday duration of nighttime sleep: NHANES 2005–20101
| Duration of sleep |
||||
| ≤6 h | 7–8 h | ≥9 h | 2 | |
| Energy (kcal) | 2157 (2112, 2201) | 2150 (2114, 2186) | 2138 (2060, 2215) | 0.9 |
| Twenty-four-hour energy from carbohydrate (%) | 49 (49, 50) | 49 (48, 49) | 48 (47, 49) | 0.06 |
| Twenty-four-hour energy from protein (%) | 15.73 (15.5, 15.9) | 16.0 (15.8, 16.2) | 15.63 (15.3, 15.9) | 0.007 |
| Twenty-four-hour energy from fat (%) | 33.2 (32.8, 33.6) | 33.5 (33.2, 33.7) | 33.6 (32.8, 34.4) | 0.3 |
| Twenty-four-hour energy from beverages4 (%) | ||||
| Men (n = 7496) | 20.5 (19.7, 21.2) | 20.1 (19.4, 20.7) | 20.8 (18.7, 22.9) | 0.6 |
| Women (n = 7496) | 18.73 (17.7, 19.7) | 16.9 (16.2, 17.5) | 18.3 (16.6, 20.1) | 0.0001 |
| Total sugar (g) | 1203 (116, 124) | 116 (113, 119) | 115 (111, 120) | 0.04 |
| Dietary fiber (g) | 16.2 (15.7, 16.8) | 16.5 (16.1, 16.9) | 15.23 (14.4, 15.9) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol (g) | 11.1 (9.7, 12.4) | 10.9 (9.9, 11.9) | 13.3 (10.5, 16.0) | 0.2 |
| Caffeine (mg) | 2003 (188, 212) | 184 (173, 194) | 1603 (142, 179) | 0.0001 |
| EI:BEE5 (n = 14,753) | 1.33 (1.30, 1.35) | 1.33 (1.31, 1.35) | 1.32 (1.27, 1.37) | 0.9 |
Values were derived from linear regression models with each dietary variable as a continuous outcome; n = 14,992, except as noted. Independent variables included hours of sleep duration (≤6, 7–8, or ≥9 h), sex (in models for all), race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, or other), poverty-income ratio (<1.3, 1.3–3.5, >3.5, or unknown), years of education (<12, 12, some college, or college), BMI (in kg/m2; <25, 25 to <30, or ≥30), smoking status (never, former, or current smoker), alcohol use status (never, former, current drinker, or unknown), day of recall (Monday–Thursday or Friday–Sunday), month of mobile examination center examination (November–April or May–October), chronic disease (yes or no), and employed (yes or no). BEE, basal energy expenditure; EI, energy intake.
Derived by using Wald's global F test for differences among categories of hours of sleep duration.
Significantly different from the reference category of 7–8 h of sleep, P < 0.05.
Significant sleep by sex interaction (P-interaction = 0.01). “Beverages” included all types of beverages: milk, caffeinated and noncaffeinated beverages, energy drinks, alcoholic drinks, and fruit and vegetable juices and drinks and excluded plain tap or bottled water.
Ratio of reported EI to calculated energy requirement for basal needs (BEE). Excluded 239 subjects with a BMI (in kg/m2) of <18.5.