Table 2.
Adjusted Odds Ratios with their 95% confidence limits reflecting associations between substance use, abuse/dependence and ADHD subtypes/subgroups and individuals with ADHD symptoms but not meeting diagnostic thresholds (ADHDsx) in a sample of 33,588 adults aged 18 years and older after controlling for age, sex, poverty, ethnicity, and a lifetime history of conduct disorder, major depression and any anxiety disorder.
| ADHDsx (N=17,009) | ADHD Combined (N=361) | ADHD Inattentive (N=325) | ADHD Hyperactive-Impulsive (N=279) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol Use | 1.25*a(1.17-1.33) | 1.25a(0.84-1.88) | 1.58*a(1.10-2.26) | 1.49a (0.92-2.44) |
| Nicotine Use | 1.38*a(1.30-1.47) | 1.63*a(1.19-2.22) | 1.66*a(1.24-2.23) | 1.87*a(1.35-2.59) |
| Cannabis Use | 1.29*a (1.20-1.38) | 2.14*b (1.58-2.90) | 1.33ac (1.00-1.78) | 1.87*bc(1.33-2.62) |
| Cocaine Use | 1.30*a(1.16-1.47) | 1.88*a(1.27-2.77) | 1.35a(0.85-2.13) | 1.49a(0.95-2.31) |
| Sedative Use | 1.30*a (1.15-1.48) | 1.54*ab(1.02-2.32) | 1.41ab(0.90-2.22) | 2.07*b(1.36-3.15) |
| Stimulant Use | 1.40*a(1.24-1.60) | 2.26*b(1.49-3.40) | 1.50ab (0.97-2.31) | 2.33*b(1.53-3.58) |
| Opiate Use | 1.50*a(1.33-1.69) | 2.19*b(1.55-3.10) | 1.88*ab(1.30-2.72) | 2.18*b(1.50-3.16) |
| Alcohol Use Disorder | 1.39*a(1.31-1.48) | 1.76*a(1.28-2.42) | 1.51*a(1.09-2.07) | 1.65*a(1.16-2.35) |
| Nicotine Dependence | 1.51*a (1.40-1.62) | 2.10*b(1.57-2.81) | 1.65*ab(1.25-2.18) | 1.94*ab(1.40-2.68) |
| Cannabis Use Disorder | 1.45*a(1.31-1.61) | 2.41*b(1.72-3.37) | 1.49ac (1.00-2.22) | 2.43*bc(1.68-3.51) |
| Cocaine Use Disorder | 1.39*a(1.17-1.66) | 2.45*b(1.57-3.82) | 1.80*ab(1.05-3.06) | 1.50ab(0.87-2.54) |
| Sedative Use Disorder | 1.18a (0.90-1.53) | 1.32a(0.68-2.55) | 1.58a (0.76-3.29) | 2.13*a(1.03-4.38) |
| Stimulant Use Disorder | 1.43*a(1.17-1.75) | 1.66a(0.98-2.80) | 1.76a (0.98-3.14) | 2.23*a(1.28-3.88) |
| Opiate Use Disorder | 1.71*a(1.35-2.15) | 2.27*a(1.40-3.67) | 1.77a(0.95-3.31) | 1.71a(0.90-3.22) |
| In Lifetime Users | ||||
| Alcohol Use Disorder (N=24,759) | 1.35*a(1.26-1.44) | 1.96*b(1.37-2.81) | 1.41ab(0.98-2.02) | 1.64*ab(1.13-2.38) |
| Nicotine Dependence (N=16,297) | 1.33*a(1.22-1.46) | 2.23*b(1.53-3.28) | 1.34a(0.95-1.87) | 1.61*ab(1.08-2.39) |
| Cannabis Use Disorder (N=7,438) | 1.26*a(1.11-1.43) | 1.86*b(1.30-2.66) | 1.28ab(0.79-2.08) | 1.95*b(1.31-2.92) |
| Cocaine Use Disorder (N=2,284) | 1.17a(0.94-1.46) | 2.04*a(1.14-3.66) | 1.99*a(1.07-3.70) | 1.07a(0.54-2.10) |
| Sedative Use Disorder (N=1,809) | 0.97a(0.72-1.31) | 0.93a(0.43-2.02) | 1.34a(0.51-3.51) | 1.10a(0.47-2.57) |
| Stimulant Use Disorder (N=1,622) | 1.09a(0.84-1.41) | 0.86a(0.46-1.61) | 1.38a(0.65-2.89) | 1.10a(0.50-2.43) |
| Opiate Use Disorder (N=2,276) | 1.20a(0.91-1.58) | 1.27a(0.71-2.26) | 0.94a(0.44-2.00) | 0.77a(0.37-1.60) |
Indicates significant at p < 0.05 when compared with the reference group of 15,614 individuals with no symptoms.
=Odds Ratios with identical superscripts could be statistically equated to each other at p > 0.05 in post-hoc between group comparisons. For instance, for nicotine use, the odds-ratio for ADHD Combined is 1.63 while the odds-ratio for ADHD Inattentive is 1.66. These are both statistically significant (as indicated by *) and show that, relative to those with no ADHD symptoms, those in these two groups are at higher likelihood for using nicotine. The “a” superscript, in addition, indicates that while these odds-ratios are statistically significant (i.e. greater than 1.0), they are not statistically different from each other (i.e. 1.63 can be statistically equated to 1.66) in posthoc tests.