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ctp genes encode the production of common pili. (A) Gene maps of the ctp cluster and the unlinked pilA gene (Atu3514). The ctp cluster contained nine genes (Atu0216 to Atu0224). Arrows indicate promoters in the ctp cluster. (B) TEM of A. tumefaciens C58, ctp mutants, and complemented derivatives. Arrows, flagella; filled triangles, Ctp pili; open triangles, Ctp pilus bundles. Cells were negatively stained with uranyl acetate and visualized by TEM.
