CQ-induced phosphorylated Hog1 gets translocated to the nucleus, leading to transient upregulation of GPD1 mRNA. (A) A HOG1-GFP-tagged yeast strain was treated with 150 mM CQ (30 or 60 min), and the same strain was treated with 0.8 M NaCl (control) for 5 min, prior to visualization by confocal microscopy. DAPI was used to stain nuclei. (B) An exponentially growing wild-type yeast strain was exposed to 150 mM CQ for 3 h. Samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, and 180 min of incubation, and total mRNA was extracted and reverse transcribed to cDNA. The expression of GPD1 mRNA levels was examined by SYBR green real-time PCR. The fold change of GPD1 mRNA levels was normalized to the ACT1 reference gene levels. The error bars represent the SD of the results of three independent repeats.