TABLE 2.

Human cancer viruses: mechanisms of immune evasion

Virus	Abbreviation(s)	MHC regulation	Interferon pathway change(s)	Molecular mimicry	Escape mutants	Reference(s)
Human papillomaviruses 16 and 18	HPV16, HPV18	LMP2 and LMP7 ↓, TAP1 and TAP2 ↓, MHC-I ↓	TLR9 ↓			161, 168
Epstein-Barr virus	EBV, HHV-4	TAP ↓ by BNLF2a, MHC-I ↓ by BNLF5, TAP1 ↓ by vIL-10, MHC-I ↓ by BILF1, MHC-II ↓ by gp42/gH/gL, BGLF5, and vIL-10	Tyk2↓ by LMP-1, TLR9 ↓ by LMP-1			157–159, 164, 169
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus	KSHV, HHV-8	MHC-I ↓ by MIR1 and MIR2	IFN signaling ↓ by RIF	v-CCL-1, v-CCL-2, v-CCL-3, v-FLICE		174, 175, 178
Hepatitis B virus	HBV	MHC-I ↓	IFN-α and IFN-β ↓	Env mimics IgA	Yes	160, 167, 179, 182
Hepatitis C virus	HCV		RIG-1 ↓ by NS3/4A, TRIF ↓ by NS3/4A, IL-8 ↑ by NS5A		Yes	172, 173
Human adult T-cell leukemia virus	HTLV-1		TLR4 signaling ↓ by p30			149
Merkel cell polyomavirus	MCV, MCPyV		TLR9 ↓ by T-Ag			170