TABLE 4.

Examples of mechanical biosensors for detection of whole bacterial cells^a

Target analyte	Transducer signal	Sensor assembly	Bioreceptor	LOD	Analyte	Reference
E. coli O157:H7	QCM	Antibody for capture and antibody-functionalized nanoparticles for signal enhancement	Anti-E. coli antibody	106 cells/ml	Bacteria in buffer	56
Bacillus anthracis	QCM	Protein A/antibody-functionalized SAM on gold	Anti-B. anthracis antibody	1 × 103 CFU or spores/ml	Vegetative cells and spores	60
Salmonella Typhimurium	QCM	Immunosensor sandwich assay using gold nanoparticles for signal amplification	Anti-Salmonella Typhimurium antibody	10 CFU/ml	Bacteria spiked into meat samples	58
E. coli O157:H7	PEMC	Antibody-functionalized cantilever	Anti-E. coli antibody	1 cell/ml	Bacteria in buffer	68
Vibrio cholerae O1	Microcantilever/DFM	Antibody-functionalized SAM on gold	Anti-V. cholerae antibody (monoclonal)	1 × 103 CFU/ml	Bacteria in buffer	66
Listeria monocytogenes	PEMC	Protein G/antibody with postcapture antibody binding for signal amplification	Anti-L. monocytogenes antibody for capture, secondary antibody for signal amplification	1 × 102 cells/ml	Bacteria in milk	69

^aAbbreviations: QCM, quartz crystal microbalance; PEMC, piezoelectric-excited millimeter-size cantilever; DFM, dynamic force microscopy.