FIG 2.
Inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses to West Nile virus. (A) QPCR analysis of viral titers in the CNS of mice at the indicated time points following viral inoculation. Numbers of copies of the viral NS1 transcript are expressed per 103 copies of the housekeeping TBP gene (Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's posttest; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01). (B) Immunostaining showing the sites of viral infection in mouse brains. Brown staining represents detection of WNV nonstructural protein NS1. Magnification, ×20. (C to F) TaqMan low-density array analysis of the expression of inflammatory cytokines, interferon response elements, and CD45 (C), inflammatory CC chemokines (D), CXC chemokines (E), and CXCL12 transcripts (F) in the brains of mice at the indicated time points after inoculation with West Nile virus. Data are expressed as fold changes in expression relative to healthy control mouse brains. Each sample was tested in triplicate with 4 to 5 mice per time point.