FIG 1.

M1 and M2 polarization and triggering of TLR2, -3, -4, and -8 rendered MDMs poorly permissive to HIV infection. We infected various polarized or primed macrophages for 6 h with the replication-competent CCR5-tropic strain YU-2, subsequently washed the cells, and added back culture medium with the corresponding TLR agonists. The culture medium that was added back to M1- and M2-polarized macrophages contained no cytokines. Supernatants were collected at days 4, 7, and 11 to monitor HIV replication by quantifying p24. (A) Permissiveness of matched M1- and M2-polarized macrophages and MDMs (control). The area under the curve (AUC) of the p24 Ag over time was determined for each experiment to consider the replication dynamics and not to focus on one individual time point (n = 8). Each dot represents the data point obtained with one buffy coat. (B) Effects of various TLR agonists on HIV infection in MDMs. (C) Effects of TLR agonists on HIV infection in M1- and M2-polarized macrophages. Taking into account the interindividual permissiveness of macrophages to HIV, the area under the curve of the p24 Ag over time for TLR-treated MDMs was normalized to that for the untreated HIV-infected control (B and C). Statistical analysis was done using a paired t test with a two-tailed P value (A and C) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Bonferroni's multiple-comparison test (B). *, P < 0.05 compared to MDMs. Pam2CSK4 triggers TLR2, poly(I·C) triggers TLR3, LPS triggers TLR4, flagellin triggers TLR5, 3M-001 triggers TLR7, 3M-002 triggers TLR8, R-848 triggers TLR7/8, and CpG2006 triggers TLR9.