FIG 8.

Triggering of TLR3 and -4 results in the upregulation of a number of restriction factors of HIV. Polarized macrophages and MDMs were harvested after a 24-h treatment with various TLR agonists in concert with untreated MDMs and analyzed for the various anti-HIV restriction factors and PPIA (PPIA, peptidylprolyl isomerase A gene; cyclophilin, protein produced by PPIA) as outlined in the Materials and Methods section. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance, followed by Bonferroni's multiple-comparison test. *, P < 0.05 compared to unstimulated MDMs.