Table 3. Sex differences in the implantation and effectiveness of cardiovascular devices.

Devicea	Effect	References
ICD
	F < M ICD implantation	152-160
	F < M Appropriate ICD shocks	154, 157
	F < M Reduction in total mortality	155
	F < M Survival benefit with ICD therapy	154, 157
CRT
	F < M CRT implantation	152, 160-164
	F > M Response to CRT therapy	161, 162
	F > M Long-term survival	163, 164
VADs
	F = M Survivalb	165
	F < M Need for reoperationb	165
	F > M Right heart failure following VAD implantationb	165
	F < M Cardiac transplant following VAD implantation	167
	F > M Hemorrhagic stroke	167
	F < M Device lead infection	167

^aAbbreviations: CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; F, female; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator; M, male; VADs, ventricular assist devices.

^bPatients with acute viral myocarditis