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. 2014 Aug 18;9(8):e104226. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104226

Table 2. Results of the Delphi Study.

Domain Category Evidence
Sociodemographic Personal
Age I
Gender I
Body weight & BMI I
Health
Smoking I
Previous back surgery C
Use of analgesics I
Self-management of complaints C
Interventions in the past C
Social
Social status I
Functioning – leisure I
Social support C
Work
Socio-economic status* C
Work satisfaction I
Functioning – work I
Sick leave* C
Litigation C
Pain Duration I
Intensity* C
Intensity – back C
Intensity – leg C
Frequency/preceding (prior) episodes* I
Daily course of pain complaints C
Influence of rest, mobility, and posture C
Somatic Diagnosis; co morbidities (Red Flag) C
Physical & Biological Bulging or protruded disc* (Red Flag) C
Loss of neurological function* (Red Flag) C
Red flags (n = 11)* C
Pain started age <20 or >50 years
Significant trauma
Pain is constant and non-mechanical
Pain in thoracic spine
Deformities (i.e. scoliosis, lumbar kyphosis)
Previous history of malignities/cancer
History of intravenous drug use
AIDS/HIV
Currently steroid use
Recent unexplained weight loss
Calin criteria for axial spondylarthritis C
Psychologic Psychic affect
Distress* C
Anxiety* C
Cognition
Catastrophizing* C
Somatization* C
Coping* C
Behaviour
Fear of movement/(re)injury* C
Expectations – work return* C
Expectations – outcome/recovery* C
Functioning & Functioning in daily activities & walking C
Quality of Life Pain-interference daily activities
Health-related physical functioning C

* Recommended in international guidelines.

Newly formulated indicators are printed in italics.

I Inconclusive evidence; C Conclusive evidence.

Final list with ‘full consensus’ indicators categorized in domains, including the resulting evidential value.