Table 2. Results of the Delphi Study.
Domain | Category | Evidence |
Sociodemographic | Personal | |
Age | I | |
Gender | I | |
Body weight & BMI | I | |
Health | ||
Smoking | I | |
Previous back surgery | C | |
Use of analgesics | I | |
Self-management of complaints | C | |
Interventions in the past | C | |
Social | ||
Social status | I | |
Functioning – leisure | I | |
Social support | C | |
Work | ||
Socio-economic status* | C | |
Work satisfaction | I | |
Functioning – work | I | |
Sick leave* | C | |
Litigation | C | |
Pain | Duration | I |
Intensity* | C | |
Intensity – back | C | |
Intensity – leg | C | |
Frequency/preceding (prior) episodes* | I | |
Daily course of pain complaints | C | |
Influence of rest, mobility, and posture | C | |
Somatic | Diagnosis; co morbidities (Red Flag) | C |
Physical & Biological | Bulging or protruded disc* (Red Flag) | C |
Loss of neurological function* (Red Flag) | C | |
Red flags (n = 11)* | C | |
Pain started age <20 or >50 years | ||
Significant trauma | ||
Pain is constant and non-mechanical | ||
Pain in thoracic spine | ||
Deformities (i.e. scoliosis, lumbar kyphosis) | ||
Previous history of malignities/cancer | ||
History of intravenous drug use | ||
AIDS/HIV | ||
Currently steroid use | ||
Recent unexplained weight loss | ||
Calin criteria for axial spondylarthritis | C | |
Psychologic | Psychic affect | |
Distress* | C | |
Anxiety* | C | |
Cognition | ||
Catastrophizing* | C | |
Somatization* | C | |
Coping* | C | |
Behaviour | ||
Fear of movement/(re)injury* | C | |
Expectations – work return* | C | |
Expectations – outcome/recovery* | C | |
Functioning & | Functioning in daily activities & walking | C |
Quality of Life | Pain-interference daily activities | |
Health-related physical functioning | C |
* Recommended in international guidelines.
Newly formulated indicators are printed in italics.
I Inconclusive evidence; C Conclusive evidence.
Final list with ‘full consensus’ indicators categorized in domains, including the resulting evidential value.