Table 1. Covariates collected for occupancy and detection probabilities.

Name	Description
Occupancy covariates
Elevation	Numeric (m)
Slope	Categorical (<5°, 5–20°, >20°)
Forest age	Categorical (primary, secondary)
Forest composition	Categorical (broadleaf, mixed, conifer, non-forest)
Bamboo distribution	Categorical (presence, absence)
Type of nature reserve	Categorical (not reserve, provincial, national)
Distance to small road*	Numeric (m)
Distance to large road*	Numeric (m)
Distance to any road	Numeric (m)
Distance to small residences	Numeric (m)
Distance to large residences	Numeric (m)
Distance to any residences*	Numeric (m)
Distance to cropland*	Numeric (m)
Detection covariates
Lure	Categorical (applied, not applied)
Temperature	Categorical (<5°C, 5–15°C, >15°C)
Camera view	Categorical (open view, limited view)

*Excluded from model selection due to collinearity.