Table 2. Characteristics of Studies Examining Monitoring Cognitive-Affective Correlates in the Cancer Context.
| Source/Rating | Scale Dich/Cont H/L or No-split N CR | Population Design | Significant Findings | Non-significant Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andrykowski et al., 20011 H(4.5) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=114 CR=84% | Benign breast biopsy (BBB) group, interviewed some time after result receipt. Prospective. | Behavioral responses: Monitoring (mon) unrelated to adherence to follow-up recommendations. | |
| Andrykowski et al., 20021 H(5.5) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=100 CR=84% | 1. BBB group, 2. Healthy comparison group. Prospective. | Affective Responses: Immediate impact of notification results: Mon associated with intrusive and avoidant ideation only when optimism was low. | Affective Responses: No findings at four-months follow-up. |
| Andrykowski et al., 2004 H(6.0) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=540 CR=88% | First TVS screening for OC among high risk women (personal history of breast cancer or family history of OC or BC). Prospective. | Affective Responses: Two week follow-up: Mon associated with intrusive ideation (distress) when optimism was low among women who received an abnormal test result (ATR). Mon associated with distress when there was no family history of OC among women who received an ATR. Mon associated with avoidant ideation when there was a family history of OC among women with ATR. | |
| Andrykowski et al., 2011 H(5.0) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=278 CR=95% | Women at risk who had received an abnormal TVS and were repeating test. CS. | Affective Responses: Just before 2nd screening: Mon associated with intrusive ideation only when there was a family history of ovarian cancer. | |
| Barnoy et al., 2006 H(4.5) | MBSS Dich No-split N=196 CR=88% | 1. Cancer patients, 2. Spouses (interview while waiting for chemotherapy). CS. | Affective Responses: Women whose caregivers were: 1. low on mon experienced higher general distress and lower well-being; 2. high on mon reported lower well-being when their mon style was mismatched to that of their partner. | Affective Responses: No effects for male patients or caregivers. |
| Bartle-Haring et al., 20082 M(4.0) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=166 CR=100% | Women who agreed to participate in breast cancer education sessions. CS. | Decision making: Unrelated to uptake of individualized risk assessment. | |
| Bartle-Haring et al., 20102 H(5.0) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=181 CR=100% | Women who agreed to participate in breast cancer education sessions. Prospective. | Affective responses: Mon predicted more change in worry after an education session. | |
| Beacham, et al., 20041 H(4.5) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=103 CR=84% | BBB group. Women interviewed after notification of biopsy results. Prospective. | Behavioral responses: Did not predict change in BSE frequency over 8 months period. | |
| Beckendorf et al., 1997 M(3.5) | MBSS Dich No-split N=238 CR=58% | Unaffected women with a family history of BC and/or OC. CS. | Decision-making: The higher the mon, the more likely to agree that individuals should be able to undergo genetic testing even if their physician recommends against it. | |
| Consedine et al., 2006 M(3.0) | MBSS-SF Dich Sub N=308 CR NR | Non-clinical population, asked questions about Pca screening. CS. | Behavioral responses: Mon positively related to self-rep DRE's for Pca in bivariate analyses. | |
| Constant et al., 2005 H(4.5) | MBQ Cont Sub N=185 CR=100% | Chronic hepatitis C patients. CS. | Beliefs: Mon associated with perceived severity. | |
| Cowan et al., 2007 M(3.5) | MBSS-SF Dich H/L N=36 CR=42% | Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. CS. | Information source: HM used more sources, more likely to use books, journals, newspapers, and magazines. Information satisfaction: Although HM rated the amount of information they received more highly, they rated the quality as lower. | |
| Cowan et al., 20083 L(2) | MBSS Dich Sub N=280 CR=59% | Men with a Pca family history. CS. | Decision making: Mon positively correlated with interest in genetic testing for Pca, were it available, in bivariate analyses. | |
| Cull et al., 2001 M(4.0) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=196 CR=85% | Women with a family history of OC newly referred for counseling. Interview prior to counseling. CS. | Encoding: Unrelated to perceived risk overestimation or undestimation. Affective responses: Mon did not predict distress (case level scores for distress). | |
| Culler et al., 2002 H(4.5) | MBSS Dich No-split & H/L N=206 CR=17% | Men visiting urology clinic [Pca patients (23%) and other patients]. CS. | Encoding: HM: Perceived risk was higher among men with prostate cancer, compared to other patient groups. No differences among LM. Decision making: Mon associated with interest in genetic testing for Pca. | |
| Elf et al., 2001 M(4.0) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=30 CR=88% | Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. CS. | Information satisfaction: Unrelated. | |
| Epping-Jordan et al., 1999 M(4.0) | MBSS Dich No-split N=80 CR NR | Women newly diagnosed with BC. Prospective. | Affective Responses: Unrelated to general distress. Coping: Unrelated. | |
| Fang et al., 2002 M(4.0) | MBSS Dich No-split N=80 CR=82% | Female relatives of women with OC enrolled at a Family Risk Assessment Program. CS. | Decision making: Mon related to inclination to undergo prophylactic surgery. HM more so when they felt at low risk to develop OC and LM more inclined to undergo surgery when they felt at high risk. | |
| Fletcher et al., 2006 H(4.5) | MBSS-SF Dich H/L N=624 CR=94% | Female FDRs of women recently diagnosed with BC. CS. | Affective responses: Bivariate analysis: HM related to distress. Path analysis: High optimism negatively related to distress, but more so among HM. Coping: HM more likely to use both engagement and avoidant coping. | |
| Gaff et al., 20063 M(3.0) | MBSS Dich No-split N=280 CR=59% | Men with a family history of Pca. CS. | Decision-making: Unrelated to interest in genetic counseling. | |
| Gurmankin et al., 2004 L(1.5) | MBSS NA NA N=217 CR NR | General population, imagining scenarios involving physician cancer risk communications. CS. | Encoding: Unrelated to perceived risk. | |
| Janssen et al., 2009 M(3.0) | TMSI-SF Cont No-split N=552 CR=68% | Gastroenterology patients who had a colonoscopy in the past nine months. Used vignettes. CS. | Values: Mon associated to wish to be informed about small risk of complications regarding colonoscopy. | |
| Johnson et al., 1996 L(1.5) | MBSS Dich H/L* N=76 CR NR | BC patients, within six months of surgery. CS. | Beliefs: Unrelated to fears and concerns. Decision making: Unrelated to desire for physician to have made recommendations for type of surgery. | |
| Kasparian et al., 20084 M(3.5) | MBSS Dich H/L N=121 CR=72% | Individuals with a family history of melanoma. CS. | Affective responses: HM more likely to report cancer-specific distress. Among HM, those who endorsed a genetic model of melanoma experienced less anxiety than those who did not endorse such a model. | |
| Kasparian et al., 20094 H(4.5) | MBSS Dich No-split N=119 CR=72% | Family history of melanoma and a known family-specific mutation. Prospective. | Decision making: Did not predict genetic risk assessment. | |
| Kelly et al., 20075 L(2.0) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=96 CR=67% | Cancer patients presenting for treatment. CS. | Knowledge: Unrelated to accuracy of cancer family history reporting. | |
| Kelly et al., 20115 M(2.5) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=96 CR=71% | Patients with a prior diagnosis of cancer. CS. | Affective responses: Unrelated to worry. | |
| Kola et al., 20116 M(3.0) | MBSS Dich No-split N=150 CR NR | First time colposcopy patients. CS. | Affective responses: Mon related to state anxiety in bivariate analyses. | |
| Kola et al., 20136 M(4.0) | MBSS Dich H/L N=117 CR NR | First time colposcopy patients.** | Knowledge: HM had higher knowledge regarding cervical cancer screening and colposcopy than LM. | |
| Lerman et al., 1994 M(4.0) | MBSS Dich H/L N=103 CR=79% | Women with a family history of ovarian cancer. CS. | Expectancies: HM had more negative expectations about the impact of a hypothetical genetic test result for OC. | |
| Lerman et al., 1996 M(3.0) | MBSS Dich Sub, H/L 7V=239 CR=52% | Women undergoing BC risk counseling.*** | Affective responses: HM experiencing higher levels of general distress at 3-months follow-up. | |
| Mancini et al., 2006 M(3.0) | MBSS-SF NA NA N=560 CR=87% | Affected women undergoing genetic counseling for BRCA1/2.*** | Knowledge: Mon related to higher knowledge regarding the genetic basis of BC and OC. | |
| Marwit et al., 2002 M(3.5) | MBSS Dich No-split N=112 CR=81% | Cancer support group patients. CS. | Values: Unrelated to preference for disclosure of terminal prognosis. | |
| Meiser et al., 2002 M(3.5) | MBSS-SF NR N=143 CR=89% | Women with a family history of BC and/or OC. Comparison of women undergoing genetic testing vs. those to whom testing was not offered. Prospective. | Affective responses: No interaction effect between study group and mon. | |
| Meiser et al., 2004 M(3.0) | MBSS Dich Sub N=95 CR=85% | Individuals with a known HNPVC mutation in the family, seeking genetic testing. Prospective. | Affective responses: No interaction between mon and type of result. | |
| Mellon et al., 20087 M(3.0) | MBSS Dich No-split N=292 CR=40% | Dyads consisting of cancer survivors at risk for familial BC/OC and their unaffected relatives. CS. | Affective responses: Mon related to worries experienced by women. | |
| Mellon et al., 20097 M(3.0) | MBSS Dich No-split N=292 CR=40% | As above. | Decision making: Higher mon for the partner related to higher probability the other member of the dyad made a decision to seek cancer risk information. Higher mon related to higher probability that women would report both pros and cons to making a decision to seek inherited cancer risk information. | |
| Meulenkamp et al., 2010 M(3.0) | TMSI-SF Cont No-split N=1678 CR=68% | General population and patients participating in genetic research. CS. | Beliefs: Mon related to belief that researchers have a duty to communicate research results to the participants. Values: Mon related to preference to receive hypothetical biobanks' research results. | |
| Meyer et al., 2007 M(3.5) | MBSS Dich No-split N=117 CR NR | Using a hypothetical scenario, males from the general population (ages 20-87) asked about treatment decisions about Pca. CS. | Decision making: Unrelated to type of decision. | |
| Michel et al., 2011 M(3.5) | TMSI Cont Sub N=198 CR=57% | Cancer survivors (ages 18-45), min 5 years since diagnosis. CS. | Affective responses: Mon related to survivor-specific distress. Values: Mon related to likelihood of attending follow-up for both clinical and supportive reasons. | |
| Miller et al., 1994 M(4) | MBSS Dich H/L N=36 CR=90% | Women undergoing colposcopy and cervical biopsy. CS. | Affective responses: HM more likely to worry about the seriousness of their condition and about the sensory and procedural aspects of their diagnostic examination. Beliefs: HM more likely to blame themselves about their condition and to feel they have responsibility for its course. | Beliefs: No differences regarding importance of the appointment, consequences of the condition or physician's control over the disease. |
| Miller et al., 1996a H(4.5) | MBSS Dich No-split N=101 CR NR | Women scheduled for colposcopy. CS. | Affective responses & Coping: Path analysis: mon related to intrusive ideation. Intrusive ideation leads to higher avoidant ideation which leads to denial and disengagement coping. HM related to intrusive and avoidant ideation. | |
| Miller et al., 2005 H(5.0) | MBSS Dich H/L N=175 CR=36% | Women calling the CIS about their risk for BC and OC.*** | Between baseline and 6-months follow-up, among the average risk group only: Knowledge: HM exhibited a greater increase; Encoding: HM exhibited a greater increase in perceived risk. | |
| Mireskandari et al., 2007 M(3.5) | MBSS Dich No-split N=95 CR=63% | Partners of women at hereditaty risk for BC/OC. CS. | Affective responses: HM who reported high perceived risk experienced lower levels of distress. | |
| Muusses et al., 2012 M(4.0) | TMSI-SF Cont No-split N=345 CR=59% | Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. CS. | Information Source: Mon related to use of the internet and brochures in order to be informed about chemotherapy. | |
| Nikoletti et al., 2003 H(4.5) | MBSS Dich H/L**** N=141 CR=55% | Caregivers of women who underwent BC surgery, collected within three weeks post-surgery. CS. | Information source: Unrelated. Values: Unrelated to number of information needs. Information satisfaction: Unrelated. | |
| Nordin et al., 2002 M(4.0) | MBSS-SF Dich TMSI Cont Sub, H/L N=63 CR=94% | Individuals referred for genetic counseling for BC, OC or colorectal cancer. A number of those underwent genetic testing. Prospective. | Information satisfaction: Within a few days of counseling: Mon negatively related to satisfaction with information provided during counseling. Affective responses: HM more worried both before and after the visit. HM more anxious before the visit but not after the visit. HM more depressed prior to receipt of the test result. | Perceived risk: Unrelated to accuracy of perceived risk. |
| Ong et al., 1999 M(4.0) | TMSI-SF Cont No-split N=137 CR NR | Cancer patients referred to oncology for treatment. CS. | Values: Mon related to preference for detailed information. Decision-making: Mon related to preference to participate in medical decision-making. Physician-patient communication: Mon related to question asking and dominance. | Physician-patient communication: Unrelated to physician's communicative behaviors. |
| Parker et al., 2001 M(4.0) | MBSS Dich No-split N=351 CR=91% | Cancer patients visiting oncology clinic. CS. | Values: Mon related to perceived importance of getting detailed information about their cancer and getting support from their physician. | |
| Pieterse et al., 2005 M(3.5) | TMSI-SF Cont No-split N=200 CR=32% | Individuals referred for genetic counseling for cancer. Interviewed once prior to visit. CS. | Values: Mon related to perceived importance of general counseling-related issues and cancer-specific issues, such as meaning of being a carrier and risk of developing cancer. | Values: Unrelated to importance of emotional support and assessment of susceptibility to disease. |
| Rees et al., 2000a8 M(3.0) | MBSS Dich H/L N=109 CR=66% | Partners of women diagnosed with breast cancer. CS. | Information satisfaction: HM more likely to think that patients avoided giving them information. Information source: More likely to discuss cancer topics with patients. | |
| Rees et al., 2000b8 M(3.5) | MBSS Dich H/L N=97 CR=72% | Adult daughters of women diagnosed with breast cancer. CS. | Information source: HM more likely to seek information from multiple and divergent sources. | |
| Rees et al., 2000c8 M(2.5) | MBSS Dich H/L N=97 CR=72% | Adult daughters of women diagnosed with breast cancer. CS. | Information satisfaction: HM more likely to think that patients avoided giving them information. | |
| Rose et al., 20089 H(4.5) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=323 CR=71% | Patients with late stage cancer. Prospective. One month time-frame. | Patient-provider communication: Mon negatively related to unscheduled patient-initiated contacts with health care providers. | |
| Rose et al., 20099 H(4.5) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=210 CR=71% | Patients with advanced cancer. Coping and communication support intervention administered to all patients. Prospective. Two months time-frame. | Patient-provider communication: Unrelated to frequency of contact with support personnel initiated by patients. | |
| Schwartz et al., 1995 H(4.5) | MBSS Dich No-split N=103 CR=79% | Women at high risk for OC. CS. | Encoding: Mon related to perceived risk. Affective responses: Mon related to distress. Perceived risk mediated the effect of mon on intrusive ideation. | |
| Sheehan et al., 2007 H(4.5) | MBSS Dich No-split N=123 CR=52% | Women diagnosed with BC who underwent reconstructive surgery. CS. | Decisional regret: Women who experienced high level of anxiety and were low on mon more likely to report regret. | |
| Shiloh et al., 1999 M(3.5) | TMSI Cont H/L N=209 CR NR | Professionals responding about intentions to undergo genetic testing about hypothetical diseases. CS. | Decision making: HM more interested in genetic testing, particularly so with regard to tests with high predictive power. | |
| Shiloh et al., 2008 H(5.0) | MBSS Dich H/L N=253 CR NR | Patients with HNPCC and at-risk family members undergoing genetic testing. Prospective. | Affective responses: Among carriers and indeterminates, HM reported more distress than LM. Effect at baseline and follow-ups (6- & 12 months). | Affective responses: Differences between HM and LM not observed among negatives. |
| Sie et al., 2013 M(2.5) | TMSI Cont Sub***** N=111 CR=51% | Between the ages of 18 & 25, genetically tested for BRCA1/2 or Lynch syndrome. Retrospective. | Values: Monitors and neutrals exhibited a higher need for information. Decisional conflict: Monitors and neutrals more likely to report decisional conflict. | |
| Tercyak et al., 2001 H(5.5) | MBSS Dich H/L N=107 CR NR | Women undergoing BRCA1/2 testing, affected and unaffected. Prospective. | Affective responses: HM experienced more state anxiety than LM at predisclosure. | Affective responses: No effect at postdisclosure. |
| Timmermans et al., 2007 H(5.5) | TMSI-SF Cont No-split N=116 CR=92% | Cancer patients referred to oncology for palliative and curative radiotherapy. Prospective (Six weeks). | Information satisfaction: In both groups, mon was related to dissatisfaction with the information provided. Provider-patient communication: In the palliative group, mon was related to questions with both biomedical and psychosocial content, to emotional utterances and to the duration of the consultation. In the palliative group, mon was related to length of consultation. Decision-making: In both groups, mon was related to utterances expressing consent about treatment proposal and questions regarding alternative treatments. Decisional regret: In both groups, mon doubted their treatment decision six weeks after the consultation. | |
| Wakefield et al., 2007 H(5.0) | TMSI Cont No-split N=247 CR NR | Individuals considering genetic testing for inherited cancer risk.*** | Encoding: Mon was negatively related to perceived risk. | Affective responses: Unrelated to distress. Decision-making: 92% decided to undergo genetic testing six months post-consultation. Mon unrelated to decision. |
| Wardle 1995 M(3.5) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=920 CR=70% | 1. Women with familial OC, prior to screening, 2. Women screened 1-year earlier. CS. | Affective responses: Mon related to worry about cancer. Mon who received a false positive test result exhibited greater deterioration in well-being following receipt of the test result. | Encoding: Unrelated to perceived risk for OC. |
| Weinberg et al., 2009 M(3.0) | MBSS-SF Dich No-split N=318 CR=49% | Women, older than 50, noncompliant with CRC screening recommendations. CS. | Encoding: Unrelated to perceived risk. Decision- making: Unrelated to intentions to screen. | |
| Williams-Piehota et al., 2005 M(3.0) | MBSS-SF Dich Sub, H/L N=500 CR=69% | Individuals calling CIS.** | Knowledge: Monitors more knowledgeable. Beliefs and expectancies: Monitors perceived BC as a more severe disease and less easy to treat. | |
| Van Zuuren et al., 2006 M(3.5) | TMSI Cont No-split & H/L N=95 CR=95% | Patients scheduled to undergo gastrointestinal endoscopy.*** | Affective responses: Mon related to worrying about the endoscopy prior to the procedure, anxiety during the endoscopy, and evaluating the experience as negative. |
Note. Where more than one measure was used for each category of outcome variables and significant findings were obtained with only one of them, only significant findings are summarized. Non-significant interaction effects are not reported. Where more than one group of participants are included in a study but the monitoring variables are used with only one group of participants, only the relevant group is reported. Superscripts with the same number indicate reports from the same study. H, M, L: high, medium, low rating, respectively. Dich/Cont: a Yes/No format for each item or a 5-point Likert scale, respectively. H/L: median split was used to identify high and low monitors. No-split: analyses are based on total monitoring score. CR: consent rate. NR: not reported. CS: Cross-sectional design. Sub: blunting score subtracted from monitoring score in order to calculate monitoring and blunting.
*
Used a median split to identify high and low monitors and high and low blunters. Used combinations of these two categories to form four groups. Results are based on two of the four groups formed: High monitors/low blunters and low monitors/high blunters.
**
Intervention study. Baseline results reported here.
***
Intervention study. Main effects found.
****
High monitoring defined using norms as cut-off points.
*****
Formed three categories (monitors, blunters, neutrals).