Table 3.
Adjusted Hazard Ratios for Cardiovascular Disease in Children with ADHD
Variable | Hazard ratio | 95% Confidence interval | |
---|---|---|---|
Medicine dosage (12 months before the cardiovascular event) | |||
No stimulant medication(reference) | 1 | ||
Dosage <15 mg methylphenidate | 1.43 | 0.57 | 3.59 |
Dosage 15–30 mg methylphenidate | 1.67 | 0.84 | 3.32 |
Dosage >30 mg methylphenidate | 2.24 | 1.20 | 4.21 |
Childa | |||
Male (0/1) | 0.71 | 0.45 | 1.11 |
5 min Apgar score | 0.50 | 0.04 | 6.02 |
Birth weight <1500 g | 0.33 | 0.04 | 2.71 |
Birth weight 1500–2500 g | 1.07 | 0.52 | 2.19 |
Birth weight >2500 g (reference) | 1.00 | ||
Gestation length (weeks) | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.07 |
Child health missing | 0.67 | 0.05 | 9.43 |
Complications at birth | 1.21 | 0.80 | 1.85 |
Heart disease at birth (Q20–28) | 4.57 | 2.29 | 9.10 |
Cardiovascular disease before age 5 | 2.77 | 1.22 | 6.32 |
Diabetes | 38.65 | 4.44 | 336.78 |
Treatment with heart medication before age 5 | 0.86 | 0.13 | 5.70 |
Any comorbid psychiatric condition | 1.20 | 0.68 | 2.13 |
Number of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses | 1.21 | 1.05 | 1.39 |
Comorbid affective or anxiety disorder | 1.52 | 0.87 | 2.64 |
Number of injuries before age 5 | 0.97 | 0.82 | 1.14 |
Number of contacts with a hospital before age 5 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.07 |
Number of visits to the emergency ward before age 5 | 1.11 | 0.98 | 1.27 |
Mothera | |||
Age | 1.00 | 0.95 | 1.04 |
Educational level, high school or less | 1.00 | 0.54 | 1.84 |
Length of education (years) | 1.04 | 0.92 | 1.19 |
Unemployed <13 weeks | 0.90 | 0.46 | 1.78 |
Unemployed 13–26 weeks | 0.70 | 0.27 | 1.79 |
Unemployed >26 weeks (reference) | 1 | ||
Employed in November | 1.16 | 0.71 | 1.91 |
Psychiatric diagnoses | 0.88 | 0.46 | 1.67 |
Cardiovascular disease | 1.31 | 0.61 | 2.83 |
Respiratory disease | 0.66 | 0.38 | 1.13 |
Smoking during pregnancy | 1.50 | 0.59 | 3.83 |
Data on smoking missing | 1.29 | 0.61 | 2.76 |
Diabetes | 0.80 | 0.10 | 6.39 |
Cardiovascular medication (ATC-C code) | 0.81 | 0.38 | 1.74 |
Data on mother missing | 2.66 | 0.37 | 19.22 |
Fathera | |||
Age | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.04 |
Educational level, high school or less | 1.02 | 0.54 | 1.95 |
Length of education (years) | 0.98 | 0.85 | 1.13 |
Unemployed <13 weeks | 1.09 | 0.46 | 2.57 |
Unemployed 13–26 weeks | 1.86 | 0.64 | 5.41 |
Unemployed >26 weeks (reference) | 1 | ||
Employed in November | 1.64 | 0.82 | 3.29 |
Psychiatric diagnosis | 0.92 | 0.46 | 1.84 |
Cardiovascular disease | 0.78 | 0.33 | 1.85 |
Respiratory disease | 0.91 | 0.51 | 1.60 |
Diabetes | 1.95 | 0.46 | 8.25 |
Cardiovascular medication (ATC-C code) | 2.17 | 0.96 | 4.92 |
Data on father missing | 1.75 | 0.25 | 12.23 |
Regionsa | |||
Northern Jutland | 0.68 | 0.25 | 1.83 |
Central Jutland | 0.88 | 0.52 | 1.49 |
Southern Jutland | 0.72 | 0.39 | 1.32 |
Zealand | 1.37 | 0.78 | 2.41 |
Copenhagen area (reference) | 1 |
Observations: Days 23,736,162 /Individuals 8295.
Bold indicates a significant difference between the never and ever stimulant group at the 5% level.
Covariates measured when the child was 4 years of age, unless otherwise specified.
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ATC-C, anatomical therapeutic chemical code C.