Table 3.

Direct Effects of Child Abuse and Neighborhood Characteristics on Violence Propensity, and Cross-level Interactions Between Neighborhood Characteristics and Child Abuse—Propensity for Violence Relationship, Fully Specified Models^a

Variables	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE
Intercept	−3.23**	.08	−3.23**	.08	−3.33**	.07	−3.36**	.08
Individual-level Effects and Cross-level Interactions
Child Physical Abuse	.16	.14	.18	.14	.20	.14	.21	.14
× Concentrated disadvantage	—	—	−.25†	.14	−.28*	.14	−.29*	.14
× Tolerance for deviance	—	—	—	—	.23	.52	—	—
× Tolerance for fighting among family/friends	—	—	—	—	—	—	−.91	1.21
Male	.43**	.11	.43**	.11	.44**	.11	.43**	.11
Ageb	.11**	.02	.12**	.02	.12**	.02	.11**	.02
African Americanc	.53**	.16	.50**	.17	.54**	.17	.72**	.19
Hispanicc	.10	.16	.08	.16	.13	.16	.22	.17
Prior violence	1.03**	.12	1.03**	.12	1.03**	.12	1.03**	.12
Low self-control	.01**	.00	.01**	.00	.01**	.00	.01**	.00
Parental warmth	−.01	.03	−.01	.03	−.01	.03	−.01	.03
Peer delinquency	.07**	.02	.07**	.02	.07**	.02	.06**	.02
Family SES	−.06	.06	−.05	.06	−.05	.06	−.04	.06
Parental criminality	.28†	.15	.29†	.15	.30*	.15	.31*	.15
Neighborhood Direct Effects
Concentrated disadvantage	—	—	.04	.07	.03	.07	.06	.06
Tolerance for deviance	—	—	—	—	.57**	.21	—	—
Tolerance for fighting among family/friends	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.47**	.52
Variance Components
Individual level	1.269		1.272		1.274		1.277
Neighborhood intercept	.027		.023		.005		.010
Child abuse random coefficient	.485		.444		.462		.403

^aAnalyses are based on 9,593 responses across 1,372 respondents living within 79 neighborhood clusters.

^bAt wave I.

^cReference category is non-Latino White.

^†p ≤ .10;

^*p ≤ .05;

^**p ≤ .01.

Source: Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, waves I and II.