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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 19.
Published in final edited form as: J Drug Issues. 2013 Jan;43(1):69–84. doi: 10.1177/0022042612462218

Table 3.

The Effects of Neighborhood Disadvantage on Adolescent Cigarette Use, by Race/Ethnicity

African American Hispanic Caucasian



b SE b SE b SE
Intercept −2.437***a,b 0.161 −1.738*** 0.086 −1.304*** 0.218
Individual level
 Age 0.476***a 0.066 0.306***c 0.044 0.471*** 0.068
 Male 0.122b 0.252 0.302c 0.188 −1.148*** 0.426
 Household salary 0.062 0.052 0.119** 0.048 0.093 0.062
 Peer substance use 0.303*** 0.115 0.192 0.098 −0.233 0.253
 Parental problem drug use 0.544 0.289 −0.198 0.328 0.518 0.399
 Parental warmth 0.025 0.056 −0.042 0.046 −0.147** 0.068
 Prior cigarette use 1.455***b 0.297 1.685*** 0.427 3.049*** 0.701
χ2 72.461 63.707 79.701
Neighborhood level
 Disadvantage 0.031 0.040 −0.000 0.000 0.006 0.132
Proportion of variance explained 0.011 0.001 0.000

Note: EB = empirical Bayes. Results are based on Bernoulli models using EB estimates and fixed effects for all individual-level variables; sample sizes are as follows: 644 African Americans living in 54 NCs, 870 Hispanics from 65 NCs, and 272 Caucasians from 46 NCs.

a

Difference between African American and Hispanic groups significant at p ≤ .05.

b

Difference between African American and Caucasian groups significant at p ≤ .05.

c

Difference between Hispanic and Caucasian groups significant at p ≤ .05.

**

p ≤ .05.

***

p ≤ .01.