Table 5.

Traditional and contemporary applications of Foeniculum vulgare.

Sr. number	Ailment/use	Part/preparation used	Locality	References
1	Mouth ulcer	Tender leaves, chewed and stuck on ulcer	Basilicata, Italy	[33]
2	Aperitif	Tender parts-raw or boiled	Rome, Italy	[32]
3	Gum disorder	Fruit and seed, used as a mouth wash for gum disorder	Central Serbia	[35]
4	Insomnia	Infusion of tea leaf	Brazil	[31]
5	Constipation	Seeds, decoction	South Europe	[127]
		Seeds mixed with sugar	Jammu and Kashmir, India	[36]
6	Cancer	Leaf and flower, aqueous infusion, drink	Loja, Ecuador	[128]
7	Conjunctivitis	Leaf and flower, aqueous infusion, drink	Loja, Ecuador	[128]
8	Gastritis	Leaf, flower, aqueous infusion, drink	Loja, Ecuador	[128]
9	Diuresis	Root and seed, decoction	Miami, Florida, USA	[42]
10	Abdominal pains	Each plant part, decoction	Rome, Italy	[30]
		Leaf and seeds, infusion	Northern Badia, Jordan,	[39]
		Leaves, paste	Manisa, Turkey	[43]
11	Cold	Fruits and floral tops, decoction	Rome, Italy	[30]
12	Refreshing	Roots/whole plant, decoction	Rome, Italy	[30]
13	Swollen stomach	Leaves, decoction with a little honey	Rome, Italy	[129]
14	Hair grow	Seed oil	Middle Navarra	[130]
15	Antiemetic	Fruit, simple powder	Northeastern Majorcan area	[47]
16	Antihypertensive and Anti-cholesterolemic	Leaf directly chewed	north-eastern Majorcan area	[47]
17	Depurative	Leaf and stem, comestible	Iberian Peninsula, Spain	[40]
18	Hypnotic	Seed, leaf, and stem, infusion and edible	North Iran	[24]
19	Diarrhoea	Seeds, roots, and fresh leaves	Northern Portugal	[28]
		Seeds grounded with Root tubers of Hemidesmus indicus and the paste taken with jaggery twice a day for three days	Bhandara, Maharashtra, India	[131]
20	Kidney ailments	Aerial part, infusion	Alto, Bolivia	[34]
		Seed, decoction	Gujranwala, Pakistan	[132]
21	Colic in children	Leaf and fruit, infusion	Brazil	[133]
22	Irritable colon	Leaf and seeds, infusion	Northern Badia, Jordan,	[39]
23	Gastralgia	Leaf, decoction	southern Spain	[29]
24	Purgative	Seed, infusion and edible	Gujranwala, Pakistan	[132]
25	Laxative	Seed, infusion and edible	Gujranwala, Pakistan	[132]
26	Liver pain	Seed	Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil	[133]
27	Mosquitocidal	Root boiled and drunk as tea	Somali Region, Ethiopia	[41]
28	Arthritis	Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk	South Africa	[37]
29	Fever	Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk	South Africa	[37]
30	Fat deduction	Green fruit is chewed to reduce fat	South Africa	[37]
31	Leucorrhoea	A mixture of its 100 g seed powder, 200 g seed powder of Papaver somniferum, 100 g fruit powder of Coriander sativum, and 200 g of sugar is prepared and 50 g of this mixture is taken by the tribal ladies early in the morning	Rajasthan, India	[26]
32	Problem of repeated abortions	Mixture of its 50 g seed powder, 50 g fruit powder of Trapa natans, and 50 g sugar is given daily to pregnant ladies	Rajasthan, India	[26]
33	Digestive system	Fruits, decoction	Basilicata, Italy	[33]
		Seed, decoction (drink one tea cup after food)	Balikesir, Turkey	[134]
		Whole plant	Western cape of South Africa	[135]
		Fruit, powder for digestive ailments	Middle, West, and South Bosnia	[136]
		Seeds, decoction	South Europe	[127]
		Seeds, roots, and fresh leaves	Northern Portugal.	[28]
		Seed, decoction	Southern Spain	[29]
34	Carminative	Tender parts, raw or boiled	Rome, Italy	[32]
		Whole plant	Western cape of South Africa	[135]
		Seeds, decoction	South Europe	[127]
		Seed, leaf, and stem, infusion and edible	North Iran	[24]
		Leaves and/or fruits	South Africa	[27]
35	Diuretic	Tender parts, raw or boiled	Rome, Italy	[32]
		Whole plant	Western cape of South Africa	[135]
		Seeds, decoction	South-Europe	[127]
		Seeds, roots, and fresh leaves	Northern Portugal.	[28]
		Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk	South Africa	[37]
36	Emmenagogue	Aerial part, raw with carrot	Rome, Italy	[32]
		Fruit, simple powder	North-eastern Majorcan area	[47]
		Seed	Haryana, India	[137]
37	Milk stimulant in pregnant women (Galactagogue)	Leaf, an infusion made from the leaves is drunk	South Africa	[37]
		Fruits, as condiment or chewed	Rome, Italy	[32]
		Fruit, simple powder	north-eastern Majorcan area	[47]
		Aerial part-infusion	Alto, Bolivia	[34]
38	Gingival wound	Fruit-paste	Uttarakhand, India	[138]
		Whole plant, decoction	Andalusia, Spain	[29]
39	Eye blurry and itching	Aerial parts, inhaled into eyes	Balikesir, Turkey	[134]
		Seeds, roots, and leaves	Northern Portugal	[28]
		Seed, infusion, edible	Gujranwala, Pakistan	[132]
		Leaves and/or fruits	South Africa	[27]
40	Cough	Whole plant, oral infusion	Guerrero, Mexico	[44]
		Whole plant, decoction	Southern Spain	[29]
		Whole plant	Western cape of South Africa	[135]
41	Stomachache	Whole plant, oral infusion	Guerrero, Mexico	[44]
		Fruit	Middle Navarra	[130]
		Seed decoction is used against stomach ache	Liguria, Italy	[45]
		Seed, leaf, and stem-infusion, edible	North Iran	[24]
42	Stress removal	Apical shoots is used as sedative for children	Liguria, Italy	[45]
			Southern Punjab, Pakistan	[25]
43	Flatulence	Leaf and fruit, infusion	Brazil	[133]
		Leaf and seeds, infusion	Northern Badia, Jordan,	[39]
		Fresh fruit, decoction	North Bengal, India	[38]