Table 3.
Characteristics of studies that investigated medicine-related problem-related hospitalizations
| Reference | Country | Study settings | Population size | Definition used | Duration (months) | Sample size (patients) | Prevalence rate (%) | Severe cases (%) | Preventability (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retrospective studies | |||||||||
| Claydon-Platt et al. [39] | Australia | Inner-city Australian teaching hospital | Adults and elderly >18 years old | Medication errors due to hypoglycaemia, poisoning and accidental poisoning and adverse drug reactions* | 24 | 5205 | 7.2 | NR | NR |
| Kalisch et al. [38] | Australia | Australian veteran population | Elderly of median age 81 years | MRH defined by the clinical indicator (ATC for medicines and ICD-10 codes for diseases) | 60 | 10 904 | 13.3 | NR | 20.3 |
| Koh et al. [40] | Singapore | Alexandra Hospital | Adults and elderly 16–97 years old | Hallas criteria for causality | 2 | 347 | 10.8 | NR | 100 |
| Yee et al. [42] | USA | Veterans Affairs Hospital | Adults and elderly >18 years old; mean age, 60.2 years | WHO definition of ADR | 12 | 2169 | 12.6 | NR | NR |
| Zaman Huri and Fun Wee [44] | Malaysia | Malaysia's premier teaching hospital at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) | Adult patients >18 years old | An event or circumstance that actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcome | 12 | 200 | 90.5 | NR | NR |
| Prospective and observational studies | |||||||||
| Andreazze et al. [54] | Brazil | Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre | Adult population of mean age 44.9 years (23.7–54.1 years) | Classification of the Brazilian Pharmaceutical Care Consensus: classified by evaluating three distinct criteria of pharmacotherapy, i.e. indication, effectiveness and safety. Suspected ADRs were classified according to Naranjo's algorithm | 1 | 350 | 31.6 | NR | NR |
| Baena et al. [58] | Spain | University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves in Granada | Adult population of mean age 41.92 years | Pharmacotherapy negative clinical outcome prevalence (MRP); represents a broad concept, including safety, necessity and effectiveness resulting from pharmacotherapy as a process of care | 12 | 2261 | 33.17 | 73 | NR |
| Howard et al. [45] | UK | Teaching Hospital in Nottingham | Adult population (mean age, 62 years) | Hallas criteria for causality and Helper criteria for preventability | 6 | 4039 | 6.5 | NR | 67 |
| Malhotra et al. [53] | India | Medical emergency department of tertiary care referral hospital in North India | Elderly >65 years old; mean age, 72.5 years (65–91 years) | WHO definition | 7 | 578 | 14.4 | NR | NR |
| Santamaria-Pablos et al. [43] | Spain | Department of University Hospital, Cantabria | Adult population (mean age, 65.6 years) | Negative results related to drugs based on five criteria to assess the causality of ADR: literature, chronology, evolution, reappearance of tests and alternative cause | 3 | 163 | 16.6 | 10.4† | 23 |
| Leendertse et al. [5] | The Netherlands | 21 Dutch Hospitals | Adults and elderly >18 years old | MRHs were defined as hospitalization due to ADEs: harm due to adverse effects of medication use or due to medication errors | 1.3 | 13 000 | 5.6 | NR | 2.55 |
| Koneri et al. [31] | India | Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore | Adult patients between 18 and 80 years old | WHO definition for ADR. ADR and DTF were used. The criteria for rating DTF were made using Naranjo classification | 6 | 2340 | 6.4 | NR | 64 |
| Juntti-Patinen and Neuvonen [46] | Finland | Helsinki University Central Hospital | Adult population who died in the hospital; mean age, 65 years (24–93 years) | WHO definition for ADR | 12 | 1511 | 5 | NR | NR |
| Repp et al. [30] | USA | St Luke's Hospital | Adults and elderly >18 years old; mean age, 53.1 years | Helper and Strand criteria for DRP, Harvard Medical Practice scale to assess DRP and Naranjo scale to assess ADR | 36 | 48‡ | 40 | NR | 58 |
| Singh et al. [47] | India | Department of Internal Medicine at the Government Medical College, Jagdalpur | Adult population of mean age 49.1 years | WHO definition of ADR; Helper and Strand criteria | 72 | 3560 | 3.31 | 6.78 | 78 |
| Samoy et al. [48] | Canada | Internal Medicine Unit: Vancouver General | Adult and elderly population of mean age 69.3 years | WHO definition of ADR; Helper and Strand criteria | 3 | 565 | 24.1 | 7.4 | 72.1 |
| Rogers et al. [59] | UK | North London Hospital | Adult population >65 years old | WHO definition of ADR; Helper and Strand criteria | 3 | 409 | 6.4 | NR | 69.1 |
| Zed et al. [55] | Canada | Emergency department at University of British Columbia teaching hospital | Whole population; only adult population >18 years old were considered | WHO definition; Helper and Strand criteria | 3 | 1017 | 11.55 | 9.8 | 83 |
Abbreviations are as follows: ATC, WHO anatomical and therapeutic classification of diseases; DTF, dose-related therapeutic failure; ICD-10, WHO international statistical classification of diseases and related problems; NR, not reported; MRH, medicine-related hospitalization; WHO, World Health Organization. The WHO definition for an adverse drug reaction is as follows: any response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and that occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiological function.
*
This definition was used due to the purpose of the study.
†
Out of the 10.4%, there were 17 moderate, eight serious and one death.
‡
Transplant patients.