Table 1.

Advances in ELISA assays.

Unique points of assay	Biomarkers	Assay test solution	Cancer types	Sensitivity/Specificity
5 minute point of care detection with dot ELISA [34]	Nuclear matrix protein	Urine	Bladder	97% positive predictive value
6 biomarker panel [12]	Leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, insulin-like growth factor II, macrophage inhibitory factor, CA-125	Blood	Ovarian	95.3% sensitivity, 99.4% specificity
Modified surface, eliminate enzyme step, confocal optics [32]	IL-8	Buffer, saliva	Oral	4.0 fM in buffer
Aptamer-antibody sandwich ELISA [36]	MUC1	Buffer	Epithelial	1 μg/ml
Microfluidic chip, differential pulse voltammetry [37]	AFP	BSA solution, human serum	Hepatocellular carcinoma	1 pg/ml in BSA solution
Electrokinetic concentrator, bead based, automated chip [38]	PSA, CA19-9	Spiked donkey or human serum	Prostate, pancreatic, gastrointestinal	1.85 pg/ml PSA, 0.002 U/ml CA19-9
Microchip point of care, cell phone/charge coupled device [33]	HE4	urine	Ovarian	89.5% sensitivity, 90% specificity
Gold nanoparticle layer [39]	CEA	Purified CEA solution	Many	2ng
Microfluidic paper based analytical device, point of care [35]	AFP, CA-125. CEA	Purified biomarker solutions	Many	0.06 ng/ml AFP 0.33 U/ml CA-125 0.05 ng/ml CEA
Point of care multiplex detection [40]	Thioredoxin, IL-8	Saliva	Oral	50 pg/ml
Immuno-gold silver staining, microbeads, microbiochips [41]	AFP	Purified AFP solution	Hepatocellular carcinoma	1 ng/ml