Table 3.
Associations of recognized MI and unrecognized MI detected by CMR with diabetes or atherosclerosis.
| No MI (n=688) |
Unrecognized MI (n=157) |
Recognized MI (n=91) |
P value for trend |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | ||||
| Patient Characteristics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 76 (72–80) | 77 (74–83) | 78 (74–82) | <0.001 |
| Women, No. (%, CI) | 395 (57%, 54–61%) | 57 (36%, 29–44%)* | 32 (35%, 25–45%) | <0.001 |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 27 (25–30) | 28 (25–30) | 27 (24–31) | 0.80 |
| Risk factors for coronary heart disease | ||||
| Hypertension, No. (%, CI) | 422 (61%, 58–65) | 124 (79%, 73–85%)*† | 83 (91, 85–97%) | <0.001 |
| Prior or current smoking, No. (%, CI) | 391 (58%, 54–61%) | 98 (62%, 55–70%) | 65 (71%, 62–81%) | 0.033 |
| Family history of MI, No. (%, CI) | 237 (34%, 31–38%) | 56 (36%, 28–43%) | 41 (45%, 35–55%) | 0.14 |
| Diabetes, No. (%, CI) | 228 (33%, 30–37%) | 72 (46%, 38–54%)* | 37 (41%, 31–51%) | 0.007 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, No. (%, CI) | 297 (43%, 39–47%) | 72 (46%, 38–54%) | 52 (57%, 47–67%) | 0.041 |
| History of atherosclerosis | ||||
| Prior coronary revascularization, No. (%) | 42 (6%, 4–8%) | 44 (28%, 21–35%)*† | 53 (58%, 48–68%) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease, No. (%) | 8 (1%, 0–2%) | 6 (4%, 1–7%)* | 4 (4%, 0–9%) | 0.018 |
| Stroke, No. (%) | 33 (5%, 3–6%) | 11 (7%, 3–11%) | 8 (9%, 3–15%) | 0.20 |
| Laboratory Results | ||||
| eGFR, median (IQR) mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 70 (59–82) | 68 (58–81) | 64 (53–74) | 0.004 |
| Total Cholesterol, median (IQR), mg/dL* | 216 (185–243) | 201 (170–239)*† | 178 (154–205) | <0.001 |
| HDL Cholesterol, median (IQR), mg/dL* | 58 (47–69) | 53 (45–63)* | 51 (42–59) | <0.001 |
| LDL Cholesterol, median (IQR), mg/dL* | 134 (108–162) | 120 (91–157) *† | 98 (77–128) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, median (IQR), mg/dL* | 95 (73–132) | 108 (79–148)* | 104 (73–145) | 0.008 |
| Coronary calcium score, median (IQR), Agatston | 227 (50–693) | 792 (263–1713)*† | 1133 (654–2159) | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Aspirin, No (%, CI) | 215 (31%, 28–35%) | 81 (52%, 44–59%)*† | 74 (81%, 73–89%) | <0.001 |
| Beta blocker, No (%, CI) | 237 (34%, 31–38%) | 70 (45%, 37–52%)*† | 70 (77%, 68–86%) | <0.001 |
| Statins, No (%, CI) | 153 (22%, 20–25%) | 56 (36%, 28–43%)*† | 66 (73%, 63–82%) | <0.001 |
| ACE Inhibitors or Angiotensin receptor blockers, No (%, CI) | 132 (19%, 16–22%) | 42 (27%, 20–34%)* | 26 (29%, 19–38%) | 0.0084 |
| CMR characteristics | ||||
| Ejection fraction (%), median (IQR) | 63 (58–67) | 60 (51–65)*† | 53 (42–61) | <0.001 |
| End diastolic volume index, ml/m2) | 98 (87–111) | 109 (92–124)*† | 113 (96–147) | <.001 |
| Left ventricular mass index, g/m2 | 72 (62–83) | 83 (70–95)* | 83 (69–102) | <.001 |
*
Significantly different compared to individuals without MI (p<0 .05). For coronary calcium, these differences persisted even after adjusting for age and gender.
†
Significantly different compared to those with recognized MI (p<0.05). For coronary calcium, these differences persisted even after adjusting for age and gender.