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. 2014 Aug 13;6:277–286. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S65338

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Conceptual framework for drivers of noncommunicable disease (NCD).

Notes: graphic file with name clep-6-277Fig2.jpg Factors that are mediators on causal pathways between urbanization and NCD. graphic file with name clep-6-277Fig3.jpg More distal risk factors that may introduce residual confounding in the association between individual behavioral risk factors and NCD risk.