Table 6.
Detection methods of SPION and therapeutic response
| Neurological disorder | Ref | Magnetic resonance imaging
|
Histological image
|
Other methods
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MF (T) | Sequence | Weighted images (TR/TE; ms) | FOV; MT; ST | Time | Assay | Time | Result | Technique | Time | Result | ||
| Stroke | 76 | 3.0 | N/A | T2*: 2,560/6.8 | N/A; N/A; 1.6 mm | 1, 7, 21 d | ImH (Sox2; BrdU) | 21 d | +Sox2/BrdU | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 15 | N/A | 3D GRE 3D spin echo | T2*: 100/10 T2: 2,000/60 | 256×128; 50×50; 1 mm | 1 h, 1, 3, 7 d | HE; BB | 21 d | +BB | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 75 | 3.0 | T2 WI DWI | T2*: 5,000/60 | 200 mm; 320×320; 2 mm | 1 h, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 d | AP; HE | 1, 28 d | +AP | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 72 | 9.4 | 3D GRE 3D spin echo | T2: 2,000/105 T2*: 6,000/70 | 70×70; 512×512; 1 mm | 10 h, 21 d | HE; ImH (CD31) | 1, 21 d | +CD31 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 65 | 3.0 | 3D spin echo | T2: 16.11/3 | N/A | 10 d | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 63 | 3.0 | spin echo | T2: 5,840/104 | 45×45; 256×256; 1.5 mm | 1, 3, 7, 30 d | AP; ImH (β tubulin III) | 30 d | +AP, β tubulin III | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 71 | 7.0 | 3D RARE 8 | T2: N/A | N/A | 1, 14 d | AP; ImH (GFAP; VEGF; CD90, CD11C, neurofilament) | 14 d | =AP; +GFAP; VEGF; CD90 | MiCo | 14 d | N/A | |
| 14 | 9.4 | 2D MSMD 3D FLASH | T2: 6,000/10 T2: 100/12 | 40×40; 256×256; 2 mm | 12 h, 10 d | AP; HE; ImH (GFP) | 10, 21 d | +AP; GFP | CF; CG: ME | 10, 21 d | +Ir/SC | |
| 64 | 2.35 | Spin echo | T2: 400/25 | 234×234; 0; 469 mm | 0, 1, 15, 28 d | ImH MAB1281; | 1, 15, 28 d | +MAB1 281 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 62 | 3.0 | Turbo spin echo | T2: 2,548/80 | 80×80; 224×205; 1.5 mm | 1, 8, 11, 17 d | AP | 21 d | +AP | CF; ICP-AES | 21 d | N/A | |
| 73 | 9.4 | 3D FLASH 2D multi-echo | T2: 2,250/10; T1: N/A | 4.0×4.0; 256×256; 0.4 mm | 4 h, 2, 4, 7 and 14 d | AP; ImH GFP; ferritin | 2, 6, 14 d | +AP; GFAP | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 12 | 7.0 | 3D spin echo | T2: 82.5/4,000 | 5×5 cm; 256×256; 0.6 mm | 2, 60 d | AP; ImH (CD133; vimentin; GFAP; NeuN; synaptophysin) St | 60 d | +AP; GFAP; NeuN; CD133 | EFG; CF; FC; Biol | 2–60 d | N/A | |
| 13 | 1.5 | Turbo spin echo GRE | T2: 2,000/81 T2*: 280/20 |
5 cm; 512×512; 1.5 mm | 1, 5, 12 d | AP; HE; ImH (ED1; vimentin) | 1, 5, 12 d | +AP; =ED1; +vit (5 d) | Microarray | 0 | +28 genes | |
| 70 | 1.5 | Turbo spin echo | T2: 5,000/90 | 120×120; 256×128; 2 mm | −1, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 d | AP; NiS; ImH (BrdU, NeuN, GFAP, MHC-III) | 1 ISt 28 IV | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 68 | 4.7 | Spin echo; RARE; FLASH; 3D (T2*) | T1: 600/14 T2: 5,000/90 T2*: 758/30 T2*: 560/20 |
4×3 cm; 256×196; 1 mm 4×3 cm; 256×196; 1 mm 4×3 cm; 256×196; 1 mm 4×3×1 cm; 256×96×32; N/A |
2, 7–70 d | AP; ImH (nestin; β tubulin; MAP2; TH; GFAP) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 69 | 4.7 or 9.4 | 3D spin echo 3D GRE |
T2: 1,300/98 T2*: 300/5 |
34×22×11; 128×64×32; N/A 10×16×4; 128×128×12; N/A |
1 h, 2 h, 1 d | AP; HE | N/A | +AP | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 67 | 7.0 or 9.4 | Spin-echo multislice | T2: N/A | 3.5 cm; 128×128; 1 mm | 24 h, 14 d | AP; NiS; ImH (GFP) | 14 d | +AP; GFP | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 66 | 4.7 | Turbo spin echo | T2: 2,000/42.5 | 3.5 cm; 256×256; 0.5 mm | 14–49 d | AP ImH (CD90, fibronectin, CD45, CD11b) | 14, 49 d | +AP; CD90, CD45 | ME | 14 d | +Ir/SC | |
| 74 | 7.0 | 2D multislice 3D FLASH |
T2: 200/20 | 20×12×10; 256×256×128; 0.5–0.7 mm | 6, 8, 11, 16 d | ImH (GFP) | 6, 8, 11 d | +GFP | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Parkinson’s | 25 | 1.5 | FFE | T2: 388/23 | 205×256; 120; 2 mm | 1, 2, 4, 8 w | ImH (TH; nestin; B-III-tubulin; GFP); AP (10 μm) | 8 w | +GFP/T H STr rig | PCR (GDNF; TH) | 8 w | +GDN F/TH |
| 24 | 1.5 | FFE | T2: 274/12 | 60×60; 256×256; 1.2 mm | 1, 4, 8 and 12 w | BrdU; AP (5 μm) | 12 w | +BrdU STr rig | rtPCR (GFAP; nestin; NSE; TH) | 12 w | § | |
| 22 | 7.0 | RARE; 3D FLASH |
T2: 3,500/75 T2*: 150/14 |
256×256; 256×256; 0.7 mm 256×256; 128×96×24; 0.15 mm |
1, 5 and 7.1 w | ImH (TH); AP (40 μm) St | 7.1 w | +TH + STr rig | HPLC (C18) brain (DA; HVA) |
1 w | >2.5× | |
| 21 | 9.4 | FLASH | T2: 500/40 | 40×40; 256×128; 0.5 mm | 3, 6 w | ImH (GFAP; TH); AP (10 μm) | 6 w | =TH + STr | PET (11C-raclopride; 560 MBq) | 2, 4 w | ** | |
| 23 | 7.0 | 2D GRE | T2: 400.4/5.4 | N/A | 2 d, 4, 8, 16 and 24 w | ImH (SSEA-1; TH; DAT; 5-HT; GFP); AP (20 μm) St | 8, 16, 24 w | +10% GFP + with AP | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 20 | 1.5 | Spin-echo fast spin-eco GRE | T1: 340/11 T2: 3,000/102 T2*: 200/20 |
6×6 cm; 256×256; 2 mm | 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 w | AP; ImH (nestin; GFAP; β-tubulin; IgG-FITC; 40 μm) | 10 w | +GFP with AP | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 19 | 4.7 | FLASH | T2: 3,500/40 | 256×256; 0.5 mm | 4 w | ImH (TH; 30 μm) | 14–16 w | +11% TH + STr right | PET (11C-CFT; 10 mCi) | 4 w | +DAT | |
| Sclerosis | 31 | 3.0 | Spin echo | T2: 4,000/36 | 2×2; 256×256; 1 mm | 1, 7, 28 d | ImH (curboxy dextran; HLA-I) | 28 d | +carboxy dextran; HLA-I | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 33 | 9.4 | 2D FLASH | T2: 316.5/3.49 | 1.6×1.6; 256×256; 0.4 mm | 1, 10, 20, 30 d | AP; ImH (HuNA; B-III-tubulin; GFAP; OCT-4; MBP) | 5, 15, 25, 45 d | +HuNA/B-III-tubulin/MBP | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| 32 | 7.0 | RARE8 FLASH Spin echo |
T2: 3,300/54 T2*: 1,000/7 T1: 300/11, 7 |
2.2×2.2; 256×256; 1 mm | 1, 18 w | ImH (GFAP), CD11b) | 9, 18 w | GFAP, CD11b | ChAT; Bioplex; rtPCR | 7, 9, 18 w | N/A | |
| 30 | 3.0 | R2 EPI | T2: 2,500/400 T2: 200/3, 3 | N/A | N/A | AP | N/A | +AP | ME | N/A | N/A | |
Abbreviations: SPION, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle; FLASH, fast low-angle shot; h, hours; ST, slice thickness; TR, repetition time; TE, echo time; Ref, reference; d, day; MF, magnetic field; GRE, gradient echo; RARE, rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement; MSMD, multislice – multiecho; FFE, fast field echo; R2, reciprocal rate; EPI, echo planar; CISS, constructive interference in steady state; FOV, field of view; MT, matrix thickness; AP, Prussian Blue assay; St, count esteriological; Str, striatal region; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase; NiS, Nissl staining or methylene blue; ImH, immunohistochemical reaction; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; w, week; rtPCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction; DA, dopamine; HVA, homovanillic acid; MCA, marker for monocytes/macrophages and phagocytic microglia; ChAT, motor neuron and neuromuscular junction counting; ED1, anti macrophages/monocytes antibody; HE, hematoxylin eosin; +, increased; −, decreased; =, unchanged; ME, electron microscopy; FC, flow cytometry; EFG, electrophysiology; CG, cytogenetics; Biol, bioluminescence; MiCo, confocal microscopy; CF, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; ICP-AES, flow cytometer; ISt, intrastriatal; STr rig, right striatal nuclei; NSE, neuron specific enolase; Ir, iron; SC, stem cell; BB, Berlin Blue assay; MBP, myelin basic protein antibody; HuNA, immunostaining against human nuclear antigen antibody; N/A, not identified; vit, vimentin; +, increased; DAT, dopamine transported; GFP, green fluorescent protein.