Table 2.
Predictors of Waterpipe Smoking initiation, by gender, among school based cohort of school children aged 13 at baseline, Irbid, Jordan, 2008–2011: longitudinal analysis (N=1,243)
|
Theoretical Domain |
Potential Predictor Variablesa | Boys (n=561) | Girls (n=682) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | AOR* (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | AOR* (95%CI) | ||
| Predisposing | Smoke cigarettes | 7.17 (5.03, 10.20) | 7.41 (4.05, 12.92) | 9.93 (6.55, 15.05) | 8.48 (4.34, 16.56) |
| Density Indexb (continuous)** | 0.89 (0.74, 1.07) | 1.07 (0.80, 1.43) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.72, 1.45) | |
| Mother’s education (> High School) | 1.09 (0.76, 1.56) | 1.95 (0.93, 4.07) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.04) | 0.56 (0.24, 1.28) | |
| Father’s education (> High School) | 0.85 (0.59, 1.22) | 0.53 (0.25, 1.12) | 0.61 (0.41, 0.91) | 1.28 (0.58, 2.81) | |
| Daily allowance (≥0 .50 JOD)c | 1.67 (1.21, 2.30) | 1.45 (0.76, 2.78) | 1.06 (0.76, 1.47) | 0.56 (0.24, 1.28) | |
| Age in years (continuous) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.37) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.06) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.24) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.16) | |
| Participation in sports | 3.43 (1.94, 6.07) | 4.28 (1.60, 11.43) | 1.29 (0.82, 2.02) | 0.68 (0.31, 1.49) | |
| Information | Propaganda encouraging smoking | 1.28 (0.92, 1.78) | 1.11 (0.62, 2.00) | 1.20 (0.87, 1.66) | 1.50 (0.84, 2.69) |
| Propaganda warning about smoking | 0.89 (0.62, 1.28) | 0.88 (0.46, 1.67) | 0.72 (0.48, 1.06) | 2.15 (0.96, 4.82) | |
| Warning labels on WP tobacco packages | 1.82 (1.31, 2.52) | 1.46 (0.81, 2.62) | 1.80 (1.30, 2.50) | 1.22 (0.68, 2.22) | |
| Warning of WP dangers from family | 0.89 (0.62, 1.28) | 1.87 (0.92, 3.81) | 0.66 (0.47, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.44, 1.50) | |
| Awareness | Believe WP is bad for health | 0.38 (0.24, 0.59) | 0.39 (0.17,0.88) | 0.34 (0.20, 0.59) | 0.36 (0.13, 0.98) |
| Motivation | Parent(s) smoke WP | 2.10 (1.44, 3.06) | 1.06 (0.56, 2.03) | 3.53 (2.53, 4.94) | 1.79 (0.97, 3.33) |
| Sibling(s) smoke WP | 2.42 (1.55, 3.78) | 2.30 (1.14, 4.64) | 3.14 (2.14, 4.62) | 1.37 (0.71, 2.63) | |
| Friends smoke WP | 3.37 (2.35, 4.84) | 0.68 (0.36, 1.29) | 5.82 (4.09, 8.29) | 2.96 (1.59, 5.54) | |
| Seen TV actors smoke in past 30 days | 1.01 (0.64, 1.58) | 0.47 (0.23, 0.99) | 0.86 (0.50, 1.51) | 0.47 (0.18, 1.23) | |
| Teachers smoke around students | 1.01 (0.64, 1.58) | 2.07 (1.12, 3.84) | 1.53 (1.02, 2.29) | 1.44 (0.73, 2.85) | |
| Accept WP from friendsd | 22.05 (14.78, 32.90) | 26.67 (13.80, 51.53) | 20.52 (13.80, 30.52) | 11.49 (6.42, 20.55) | |
| Believe have more friends if smoke WP | 1.10 (0.75, 1.60) | 0.89 (0.46, 1.75) | 0.84 (0.53, 1.33) | 0.46 (0.19, 1.11) | |
| Believe more attractive if smoke WP | 1.35 (0.93, 1.97) | 1.24 (0.61, 2.54) | 1.79 (1.22, 2.62) | 1.31 (0.61, 2.81) | |
| WP weight belief = lose weight | 0.93 (0.67, 1.30) | 1.05 (0.59, 1.85) | 0.80 (0.58, 1.10) | 0.88 (0.49, 1.58) | |
| Easy to quit after smoking WP year or twod | 2.00 (1.44, 2.78) | 1.35 (0.86, 2.14) | 1.31 (0.92, 1.85) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.27) | |
| Intention | Intend to start smoking WP next yeard | 17.52 (11.87, 25.84) | 8.83 (5.08, 15.35) | 11.05 (7.40, 16.51) | 4.43 (2.39, 8.21) |
OR = Odds Ratio; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval
AOR for each variable is adjusted for all other variables in the model. Statistically significant adjusted odds ratios (P-value < 0.05) are in bold.
For continuous variables, the OR approximates the risk change for every one-unit increase in the DI or one year increase in age.
No is the referent category
Density Index was calculated by dividing the number of people living in each participant’s home by the number of rooms (minus kitchen and bathroom) in the home.
In Jordanian Dinars (JOD) (1JOD=1.41USD)
Due to suppression effect, AOR for quit belief was not adjusted for intention or self-efficacy. Likewise, intention was not adjusted for quit belief or self-efficacy; nor was self-efficacy was adjusted for quit belief or intention. See text for detailed explanation.