Fig. 2.

Pharyngeal water perfusion and glottal response to water stimulation was monitored by using an ultrathin laryngo-pharyngoscope (Pentax FNL-10AP; Pentax Medical, Montvale, NJ) passed through the nostril and positioned within the pharynx such that the vocal cords were adequately visualized. For better endoscopic visualization, green-colored water was used for perfusion. Endoscopic views were synchronized with the manometry and the electromyography tracing in real time using a timer. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]