Table 1. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population.
| Characteristic |
Healthy controls |
Bipolar disorder |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | |
| Males/females | 39/47 | 45.3/54.7 | 52/81 | 39.1/60.9 |
| Education | ||||
| Not completed compulsory school | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 2.3 |
| Completed compulsory school | 1 | 1.2 | 15 | 11.6 |
| Completed upper secondary school | 34 | 39.5 | 33 | 25.6 |
| Completed higher education <3 years | 15 | 17.4 | 17 | 13.2 |
| Completed higher education >3 years | 36 | 41.9 | 61 | 47.3 |
| Living conditiona | ||||
| Alone | 29 | 33.7 | 66 | 51.2 |
| With partner | 52 | 60.5 | 50 | 38.8 |
| With parent/parents | 4 | 4.7 | 8 | 6.2 |
| With other adults | 1 | 1.2 | 5 | 3.9 |
| Primary source of income | ||||
| Employment/education | 82 | 95.3 | 67 | 56.3 |
| Sickness benefit | 1 | 1.2 | 45 | 37.8 |
| Supplementary benefit | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 2.5 |
| Relative's or own capital | 1 | 1.2 | 4 | 3.4 |
| Diagnosis | ||||
| Bipolar disorder type I | 65 | 48.9 | ||
| Bipolar disorder type II | 46 | 34.6 | ||
| Othersb | 22 | 16.5 | ||
| Prior psychosis | 64 | 50 | ||
| Medications | ||||
| Lithium | 78 | 58.6 | ||
| Lamotrigine | 30 | 22.6 | ||
| Divalproex | 16 | 12.0 | ||
| Antidepressants | 62 | 46.6 | ||
| Anxiolytics | 27 | 20.3 | ||
| Atypical APs | 29 | 21.8 | ||
| Median | IQR | Median | IQR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 35 | 28–46 | 35 | 28–50 |
| BMI | 23.4 | 21.6–25.7 | 24.7 | 22.2–27.7 |
| Number of episodes | 10 | 6–20 | ||
| Duration of illness | 11 | 4–20 | ||
| GAF-F | 68 | 60–72 | ||
| GAF-S | 68 | 60–75 | ||
| CGI | 4 | 4–5 | ||
| YMRS | 0 | 0–1 | ||
| MADRS | 1 | 0–4 |
Abbreviations: APs, antipsychotics; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning (S=symptom and F=function); CGI, Clinical Global Impression; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.
Data missing in four cases.
Bipolar disorder spectrum diagnoses other than type I or type II.