Table 1. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population.

Characteristic	Healthy controls		Bipolar disorder
	N	%	N	%
Males/females	39/47	45.3/54.7	52/81	39.1/60.9
Education
Not completed compulsory school	0	0.0	3	2.3
Completed compulsory school	1	1.2	15	11.6
Completed upper secondary school	34	39.5	33	25.6
Completed higher education <3 years	15	17.4	17	13.2
Completed higher education >3 years	36	41.9	61	47.3
Living conditiona
Alone	29	33.7	66	51.2
With partner	52	60.5	50	38.8
With parent/parents	4	4.7	8	6.2
With other adults	1	1.2	5	3.9
Primary source of income
Employment/education	82	95.3	67	56.3
Sickness benefit	1	1.2	45	37.8
Supplementary benefit	0	0.0	3	2.5
Relative's or own capital	1	1.2	4	3.4
Diagnosis
Bipolar disorder type I			65	48.9
Bipolar disorder type II			46	34.6
Othersb			22	16.5
Prior psychosis			64	50
Medications
Lithium			78	58.6
Lamotrigine			30	22.6
Divalproex			16	12.0
Antidepressants			62	46.6
Anxiolytics			27	20.3
Atypical APs			29	21.8

	Median	IQR	Median	IQR
Age (years)	35	28–46	35	28–50
BMI	23.4	21.6–25.7	24.7	22.2–27.7
Number of episodes			10	6–20
Duration of illness			11	4–20
GAF-F			68	60–72
GAF-S			68	60–75
CGI			4	4–5
YMRS			0	0–1
MADRS			1	0–4

Abbreviations: APs, antipsychotics; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning (S=symptom and F=function); CGI, Clinical Global Impression; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.

^aData missing in four cases.

^bBipolar disorder spectrum diagnoses other than type I or type II.