Table III.

GRADE Summary of Findings for Hypnosis for Needle-Related Procedural Pain and Distress in Children and Adolescents

Note. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence:

High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.

Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.

Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.

Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.

^aThe basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI = Confidence interval.

^bThe majority of trials had unclear/high risk of bias in allocation concealment and selective reporting of outcomes.

^cModerate heterogeneity (I-squared) >45%.

^dVast majority of trials from one expert group.

^eAnalysis based on <100 participants per group.

^fConsiderable heterogeneity (I-squared) >90%.