Table VI.
Summary of Risk of Bias Subanalyses
| Outcomes | Number of Interventions |
SMD [95% CI] |
χ2 | p | I2 (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adequate random sequence generation | Inadequate random sequence generation | Adequate random sequence generation | Inadequate random sequence generation | ||||
| Distraction | |||||||
| Pain: self-report | 12 (nt = 545; nc = 456) | 12 (nt = 698; nc = 773) | −0.63 [−1.04, −0.22] | −0.23 [−0.45, −0.02] | 2.83 | .09 | 65 |
| Pain: observer report | 4 (nt = 199; nc = 154) | 1 (nt = 48; nc = 46) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pain: behavioral | 2 (nt = 77; nc = 75) | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Distress: self-report | 2 (nt = 42; nc = 51) | 2 (nt = 88; nc = 83) | −0.24 [−0.65, 0.17] | −1.00 [−1.71, −0.29] | 3.31 | .07 | 70 |
| Distress: observer report | 2 (nt = 81; nc = 85) | 3 (nt = 389; nc = 432) | −1.35 [−2.60, −0.11] | −0.14 [−0.40, 0.13] | 3.55 | .06 | 72 |
| Distress: behavioral | 2 (nt = 62; nc = 43) | 7 (nt = 392; nc = 435) | −0.26 [−0.66, 0.14] | −0.33 [−0.73, 0.06] | 0.07 | .79 | 0 |
| Hypnosis | |||||||
| Pain: self-report | 2 (nt = 30; nc = 30) | 3 (nt = 67; nc = 49) | −1.32 [−1.88, −0.75] | −1.50 [−3.19, 0.20] | 0.04 | .84 | 0 |
| Pain: observer report | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pain: behavioral | 1 (nt = 14; nc = 15) | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Distress: self-report | 2 (nt = 30; nc = 30) | 3 (nt = 67; nc = 49) | −3.11 [−4.51, −1.70] | −2.15 [−4.13, −0.16] | 0.60 | .44 | 0 |
| Distress: observer report | 1 (nt = 17; nc = 19) | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Distress: behavioral | 2 (nt = 30; nc = 30) | 4 (nt = 76; nc = 57) | −1.73 [−2.33, −1.12] | −0.86 [−1.64, −0.09] | 2.96 | .09 | 66 |
| Adequate Allocation Concealment | Inadequate Allocation Concealment | Adequate Allocation Concealment | Inadequate Allocation Concealment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distraction | |||||||
| Pain: self-report | 2 (nt = 51; nc = 48) | 22 (nt = 1192; nc = 1181) | −0.90 [−1.93, 0.13] | −0.40 [−0.64, −0.16] | 0.85 | .36 | 0 |
| Pain: observer report | 0 | 5 (nt = 247; nc = 200) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pain: behavioral | 1 (nt = 27; nc = 25) | 1 (nt = 50; nc = 50) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Distress: self-report | 1 (nt = 20; nc = 20) | 3 (nt = 110; nc = 114) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Distress: observer report | 0 | 5 (nt = 470; nc = 517) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Distress: behavioral | 0 | 9 (nt = 454; nc = 478) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Hypnosis | |||||||
| Pain: self-report | 0 | 5 (nt = 97; nc = 79) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pain: observer report | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pain: behavioral | 0 | 1 (nt = 14; nc = 15) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Distress: self-report | 0 | 5 (nt = 97; nc = 79) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Distress: observer report | 1 (nt = 17; nc = 19) | 0 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Distress: behavioral | 0 | 6 (nt = 106; nc = 87) | – | – | – | – | – |
Note. Bolded values indicate results significantly in favor of treatment efficacy.
SMD = standard mean difference; CI = confidence intervals; χ2 = chi-square test of subgroup differences; I2 = measure of heterogeneity; nt = number of participants in study treatment groups; nc = number of participants in study control groups.