Table 3.

Participants' brain activation, Mean (Standard Deviation) brain activation as measured in fnirs percent signal intensity during sign repetition task by condition and brain region.

Group	Condition	IFG/anterior STG	Posterior temporal	DLPFC	Superior frontal	Parietal	Posterior frontal/motor	Sensory-motor
		BA 44/45 and 21	BA 21/22	BA 9/46				BA 1–5
A. LEFT HEMISPHERE
English monolinguals	Real sign	0.42 (0.27)	0.28 (0.17)	0.38 (0.16)	0.31 (0.16)	0.42 (0.18)	0.35 (0.19)	0.42 (0.26)
	Non-sign	0.50 (0.21)	0.32 (0.17)	0.46 (0.22)	0.33 (0.23)	0.32 (0.20)	0.40 (0.20)	0.47 (0.27)
Deaf ASL signers	Real sign	0.42 (0.24)	0.22 (0.07)	0.37 (0.16)	0.37 (0.27)	0.35 (0.13)	0.39 (0.25)	0.37 (0.31)
	Non-sign	0.39 (0.19)	0.43 (0.29)	0.39 (0.15)	0.43 (0.18)	0.44 (0.17)	0.45 (0.16)	0.52 (0.25)
ASL-English bilinguals	Real sign	0.52 (0.28)	0.20 (0.06)	0.31 (0.19)	0.28 (0.08)	0.22 (0.09)	0.37 (0.13)	0.41 (0.12)
	Non-sign	0.46 (0.17)	0.24 (0.17)	0.23(0.14)	0.25 (0.12)	0.29 (0.12)	0.30 (0.20)	0.36 (0.22)
B. RIGHT HEMISPHERE
English monolinguals	Real sign	0.36 (0.16)	0.26 (0.19)	0.38 (0.24)	0.35 (0.19)	0.42 (0.22)	0.36 (0.22)	0.43 (0.19)
	Non-sign	0.37 (0.25)	0.26 (0.23)	0.33 (0.18)	0.35 (0.26)	0.35 (0.18)	0.42 (0.21)	0.41 (0.27)
Deaf ASL signers	Real sign	0.39 (0.20)	0.34 (0.21)	0.43 (0.17)	0.46 (0.26)	0.40 (0.15)	0.29 (0.19)	0.32 (0.22)
	Non-sign	0.44 (0.27)	0.30 (0.18)	0.42 (0.25)	0.43 (0.25)	0.41 (0.14)	0.26 (0.13)	0.36 (0.21)
ASL-English bilinguals	Real sign	0.51 (0.19)	0.28 (0.14)	0.39 (0.27)	0.40 (0.27)	0.31 (0.16)	0.39 (0.16)	0.55 (0.27)
	Non-sign	0.45 (0.19)	0.39 (0.21)	0.28 (0.15)	0.36 (0.14)	0.41 (0.19)	0.30 (0.15)	0.41 (0.22)