Table 3. Cervicovaginal microbiome cluster correlates.
| Demographics | R-I (n=11) | R-II (n=69) | R-V (n=35) | R-III/IV/VI (n=32) | Pa | Ptrendb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (range); years | 29 (23–37) | 27 (19–47) | 26 (18–42) | 27 (20–44) | 0.44 | 0.28 |
| Marital status: married or steady partner | 5 (45.5) | 30 (43.5) | 18 (51.4) | 7 (21.9) | 0.07 | 0.1 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 2 (18.2) | 17 (24.6) | 6 (17.1) | 7 (21.9) | 0.87 | 0.8 |
| Never married | 7 (63.6) | 48 (69.6) | 27 (77.1) | 29 (90.6) | 0.08 | 0.02 |
| Median income/week (IQR); × 1000 RWFc | 10.5 (4–17) | 12 (7.5–22) | 15 (8–20) | 10 (6.5–15) | 0.46 | 0.93 |
| Education:cNo education | 2 (18.9) | 14 (20.3) | 10 (28.6) | 9 (28.1) | 0.96 | 0.38 |
| Some primary but not completed | 5 (45.5) | 30 (43.5) | 13 (37.1) | 13 (40.6) | ||
| Completed primary and/or started secondary | 4 (36.4) | 25 (36.2) | 12 (34.3) | 10 (31.3) | ||
| Currently pregnant | 0 (0) | 12 (17.4) | 4 (11.4) | 2 (6.5) | 0.33 | 0.47 |
| Median # lifetime pregnancies (IQR)c | 3 (2–4) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.14 | 0.09 |
| Sexual risk taking | ||||||
| Median years in sex work (IQR)d | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–4) | 0.59 | 0.85 |
| Currently working as sex worker | 10 (90.9) | 57 (82.6) | 31 (88.6) | 27 (84.4) | 0.87 | 0.97 |
| Washed inside vagina in last 3 months | 9 (81.8) | 62 (89.9) | 33 (94.3) | 31 (96.9) | 0.31 | 0.09 |
| Consistent condom usee | 5 (45.5) | 18 (28.6) | 10 (29.4) | 13 (46.4) | 0.29 | 0.39 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Genitourinary symptoms in last 3 months: | ||||||
| Genital itching | 3 (27.3) | 7 (10.1) | 3 (8.6) | 6 (18.8) | 0.23 | 0.87 |
| Other specific genital complaintsf | 1 (9.1) | 5 (7.3) | 3 (8.6) | 3 (9.4) | 0.97 | 0.79 |
| Dysuria | 0 (0) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0.45 | 0.9 |
| Genitourinary symptoms at day of samplingg | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (12.5) | 0.06 | 0.02 |
| Pelvic exam: abnormal vaginal discharge | 1 (9.1) | 9 (13) | 5 (14.3) | 4 (12.5) | 1 | 0.87 |
| Abundant cervical mucus | 0 (0) | 2 (2.9) | 3 (8.6) | 2 (6.3) | 0.56 | 0.23 |
| Antibiotics use during past 14 days | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.87 | 0.47 |
| Laboratory diagnoses | ||||||
| Any viral STI | 4 (36.4) | 62 (89.9) | 33 (94.3) | 30 (93.8) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| HIV | 1 (9.1) | 23 (33.3) | 12 (34.3) | 18 (56.3) | 0.03 | <0.01 |
| HSV-2 | 4 (36.4) | 54 (78.3) | 29 (82.9) | 28 (87.5) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Any HPV type | 1 (9.1) | 29 (42) | 21 (60) | 17 (53.1) | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| High-risk HPV | 0 (0) | 26 (37.7) | 19 (54.3) | 15 (46.9) | <0.01 | 0.02 |
| Any bacterial STIh | 0 (0) | 20 (60.6) | 6 (37.5) | 5 (55.6) | 0.15 | 0.94 |
| Treponema pallidum | 0 (0) | 4 (12.9) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (14.3) | 0.79 | 0.95 |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | 0 (0) | 5 (15.6) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (25.0) | 0.86 | 0.47 |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | 0 (0) | 6 (18.8) | 2 (11.8) | 1 (12.5) | 0.93 | 0.82 |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | 0 (0) | 9 (25) | 2 (10.5) | 4 (40) | 0.28 | 0.45 |
| Candidiasis by wet mount | 1 (9.1) | 6 (8.7) | 3 (8.6) | 0 (0) | 0.29 | 0.15 |
| Abnormal cervical cytologyi | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 4 (13.3) | 3 (10.3) | 0.17 | 0.07 |
Abbreviations: HPV, human papillomavirus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IQR, interquartile range; RWF, Rwandan francs; STI, sexually transmitted infection.
Cells represent number and percentage unless stated otherwise.
a
Kruskall–Wallis test for continuous data and Fishers' exact test for categorical data.
b
Trends in the order R-I, R-II, R-V, R-III/R-IV/R-VI (see methods).
c
Baseline values reported.
d
10/147 values missing.
e
Sexually active women only.
f
Genital burning/pain/ulcers/sores/blisters/unusual pain during sex.
g
Only reported at Yr2 (n=86).
h
Only tested at M6 in the HIV-negative cohort (n=58, 68, 59 and 60, respectively).
i
12/147 values missing.