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Structural bases for the increased stiffness of DNA containing the epigenetic bases 5mC and 5hmC. (a) The 5-methylgroup of 5mC (green) reaches in the major groove of the DNA, altering the charge distribution and steric properties in the major groove; (PDB code 4C63) (b) Direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonding of the two alternative hydroxyl conformations (pink) of 5hmC to the 3' base and phosphate backbone. Water molecules are depicted as green spheres. (PDB code 4C5X)
