Figure 2.

Diagram showing the direct and indirect effects of glucocorticoids on bone, leading to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and fractures.

Notes: Reprinted from Springer and Osteoporos Int, 18; 2007, 1319–1328, Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathophysiology and therapy, Canalis E, Mazziotti G, Giustina A, Bilezikian JP, Figure 1.²⁹ © 2007. With kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media.

Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; GH, growth hormone; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand.