FIGURE 2.

TFE or HFIP-dependent conformational transitions of insulin after ultrasonic irradiation. A–D, far-UV CD spectra in the presence of various concentrations of TFE (A and B) or HFIP (C and D) at pH 2 (A and C) and 4.8 (B and D). E–H, transition curves dependent on the TFE (E and F) or HFIP (G and H) concentrations at pH 2.0 (E and G) or 4.8 (F and H) monitored by ellipticity at 200 or 222 nm. I–L, transition curves dependent on the TFE (I and J) or HFIP (K and L) concentrations at pH 2 (I and K) or 4.8 (J and L) monitored by ThT fluorescence or the remaining protein concentration after centrifugation. ThT assays were performed at pH 8.5.