A: The offaxis elliptical trainer allowing pivoting movements in left and right legs simultaneously or individually with various sensory stimuli and torque perturbations to the feet under servomotor control that included footplates, servomotors, cable driven mechanisms, torque sensors, and encoders. Real-time visual feedback consists of (B) pivoting angle and (C) lower limb alignment during each training session with the middle target position. Virtual lines were drawn to indicate knee caps and second toes for a clear explanation. During evaluation, visual feedback of lower limb alignment through the web camera was not shown (35).