. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 21.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 Dec 9;61(12):2135–2141. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12554

Table 4.

Cox Proportional Hazards Regression of Mortality over 5 Years According to Pain, Participant Demographic Characteristics, Frailty, Depressed Mood, and Cognitive Impairment (N = 4,476)

Explanatory Variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Explanatory Variable	Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Age	1.12 (1.11–1.12)^a	1.09 (1.08–1.10)^a	1.08 (1.07–1.09)^a
Female	0.55 (0.50–0.61)^a	0.50 (0.44–0.56)^a	0.48 (0.43–0.54)^a
Caucasian	0.68 (0.41–1.13)	0.60 (0.35–1.04)	0.66 (0.36–1.19)
Education (reference <high school)
High school	0.92 (0.82–1.03)	1.01 (0.89–1.15)	1.13 (0.99–1.29)
College	0.82 (0.71–0.93)^a	0.86 (0.75–1.01)	0.99 (0.85–1.16)
Moderate pain	1.13 (1.02–1.25)^a	0.85 (0.76–0.96)^a	0.85 (0.75–0.96)^a
Frailty^b	—	1.12 (1.10–1.14)^a	1.11 (1.10–1.14)^a
Depressed mood^c	—	—	1.20 (1.05–1.38)^a
Cognitive impairment^d	—	—	1.75 (1.52–2.03)^a

P < .01.

A composite measure of self-reported health (1 item), medical comorbidity (17 items), functional abilities (14 items), and social support (1 item); scores range from 0 to 33, with higher scores indicating poorer health.

A summed response score of ≥2 on the 5-item mental health screening questionnaire (range 0–30).

According to the modified Mini-Mental State Examination; scores of ≤77 indicate cognitive impairment.