Table 2.

Commonly known tumor suppressor gene expression and its major function in prostate epithelia.

Gene	Loss of function in prostate cancer	Prostate cancer associated major function	Reference(s)
RB1	Functional mutation	Transcriptional regulator E2F binding; coactivator of androgen receptor.	[14–16]
p53	Functional mutation	Transcription factor; regulates cell cycle and apoptosis.	[17–19]
PTEN	Homozygous deletions, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and inactivating mutations.	Regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling, MAPK activation by EGFR, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and VEGF mediated angiogenesis.	[20–25]
PAcP	Decreased expression	Regulates HER-2 and PI3K/Akt signaling.	[12,26–29]
PP2A	Decreased expression	Regualtes PI3K/Akt, β-catenin, and FAK signalling.	[30–34]
PHLPP	Loss of heterozygosity (LOH)	Regulates PI3K/Akt signaling.	[35–37]
APC	Methylation	Regulating β-catenin protein in cytosol.	[38–40]
BRCA2	Mutation	DNA repair; complexes with Rad 51 and other BRCA gene.	[41,42]
WT1	Function mutation; Tumor suppressor activity	Transcription factor.	[43–45]

Abbreviations: APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; BRCA2, breast cancer 2; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; p53, phosphoprotein p53; PAcP, prostatic acid phosphatase; PHLPP, PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatases; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; RB1, retinoblastoma 1; WT1, Wilms tumor 1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.