Table 1. Baseline characteristics and factors associated HAND in HIV-infected individuals.
| Variables | Total (N=194) | HAND (N= 51) | No HAND (N= 143) | p-value | Multivariate analysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |||||
| Age (years, range) | 45.12 (21-72) | 44.39 (21-70) | 45.38 (25-72) | 0.581 | ||
| Male gender (%) | 182 (93.8) | 49 (96.1) | 133 (93.0) | 0.735 | ||
| BMI (Kg/mm2) | 23.0±4.5 | 22.1±2.9 | 23.3±4.9 | 0.105 | ||
| Hemoglobin ≤ 13.0g/dL (%) | 15 (29.4) | 22 (15.4) | 0.029 | 2.287 (1.014-5.162) | 0.046 | |
| Education | ||||||
| Mean (years) | 13.4±3.3 | 12.8±3.4 | 13.6±3.3 | 0.188 | ||
| Mode of transmission (%) | ||||||
| Homosexual contacts | 102 (52.6) | 24 (47.1) | 78 (54.5) | 0.358 | ||
| Heterosexual contacts | 53 (27.3) | 17 (33.3) | 36 (25.2) | 0.262 | ||
| Unknown and others | 39 (20.1) | 10 (19.6) | 29 (20.3) | |||
| Duration of HIV infection (years) | 77.7±70.1 | 73.4±52.5 | 79.3±75.5 | 0.606 | ||
| Previous AIDS diagnosis | 55 (28.4) | 18 (35.3) | 37 (25.9) | 0.200 | ||
| AIDS at diagnosis | ||||||
| No | 76 | 17 (33.3) | 59 (41.3) | 0.320 | ||
| Yes | 118 | 34 (66.7) | 84 (58.7) | 0.320 | ||
| Initial CD4+ T cell count, mean±SD, cells/mm3 | 243.8±188.3 | 233.8±220.7 | 247.3±176.0 | 0.668 | ||
| Initial VL, mean±SD, log10 copies/mL | 4.8±1.2 | 4.7±1.3 | 4.8±176.0 | 0.797 | ||
| Pre-cART CD4+ T cell count, mean±SD, cells/mm3 | 186.4±136.0 | 176.5±167.5 | 189.8±123.8 | 0.601 | ||
| Pre-cART VL, mean±SD, log10 copies/mL | 5.0±0.9 | 5.0±0.9 | 5.0±0.9 | 0.965 | ||
| Current CD4+ T cell count, mean±SD, cells/mm3 | 481.4±236.0 | 444.5±259.2 | 494.6±226.6 | 0.194 | 0.999 (0.997-1.001) | 0.225 |
| Current VL, mean±SD, log10 copies/mL | 2.0±1.4 | 2.4±1.7 | 1.9±1.2 | 0.069 | ||
| Nadir CD4+ T cell count, mean±SD, cells/mm3 | 187.0±138.0 | 171.8±167.2 | 192.4±126.3 | 0.365 | ||
| Highest VL, mean±SD, log10 copies/mL | 5.0±0.9 | 5.0±0.9 | 4.9±1.0 | 0.566 | ||
| Current cART (%) | ||||||
| No treatment | 20 (10.3) | 7 (13.7) | 13 (9.1) | 0.350 | ||
| 2NRTI+PI | 104 (59.8) | 32 (72.7) | 72 (55.4) | 0.043 | 2.323 (1.078-5.005) | 0.031 |
| 2NRTI+NNRTI | 49 (28.2) | 7 (15.9) | 42 (32.3) | 0.037 | ||
| 2NRTI+II | 12 (6.9) | 3 (6.8) | 9 (6.9) | 1.000 | ||
| 3NRTI | 3 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.3) | 0.572 | ||
| Other | 6 (3.4) | 2 (4.5) | 4 (3.1) | |||
| CPE rank | 6.7±1.3 | 6.7±1.1 | 0.961 | |||
| HCV co-infection (%) | 6 (3.7) | 3 (6.7) | 3 (2.6) | 0.350 | ||
| HBV co-infection (%) | 9 (5.3) | 2 (4.3) | 7 (5.6) | 1.000 | ||
HAND, HIV associated neurocognitive disorder; BMI, body mass index; AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; IQR, interquartile range; VL, viral load; PI, protease inhibitor; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; II, integrase inhibitor; CPE, central nervous system penetration effectiveness; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus