Table 1.
Geometric mean of infant and maternal toenail arsenic concentration according to characteristics collected by the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study.
|
Geometric mean (SD) toenail arsenic concentration, mg/g
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | Infant | Maternal | |
| Infant characteristics | |||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 72 (42.4) | 0.06 (2.49) | — |
| Female | 87 (51.2) | 0.07 (2.64) | — |
| Unknown | 11 (6.4) | 0.09 (2.18) | — |
| Breast feeding status | |||
| Yes | 131 (77.0) | 0.06 (2.63) | — |
| No | 30 (17.6) | 0.08 (2.20) | — |
| Unknown | 9 (5.3) | 0.08 (2.17) | — |
| Age at toenail collection | |||
| < 10 Weeks | 112 (65.9) | 0.07 (2.62) | — |
| ≥ 10 Weeks | 58 (34.1) | 0.07 (2.41) | — |
| Birth weight | |||
| Low weight, < 2500 g | 4 (2.3) | 0.06 (1.75) | — |
| Normal weight, ≥2500g | 155 (91.2) | 0.06 (2.58) | — |
| Unknown | 11 (6.5) | 0.09 (2.18) | — |
| Season of toenail collection | ** | ||
| Spring | 48 (28.2) | 0.08 (2.06) | — |
| Summer | 34 (20.0) | 0.10 (2.92) | — |
| Fall | 35 (20.6) | 0.06 (2.10) | — |
| Winter | 53 (31.2) | 0.05 (2.77) | — |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Age at conception | |||
| <30 Years | 65 (38.2) | 0.06 (2.51) | 0.06 (2.05) |
| ≥30 Years | 89 (52.4) | 0.07 (2.49) | 0.06 (2.11) |
| Unknown | 16 (9.4) | 0.06 (3.03) | 0.06 (2.26) |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | |||
| Normal weight, <25.0 | 94 (55.3) | 0.07 (2.56) | 0.06 (2.18) |
| Overweight, ≥25.0 to<30.0 | 39 (22.9) | 0.06 (2.64) | 0.06 (2.17) |
| Obese, Z30.0 | 29 (17.1) | 0.05 (2.32) | 0.05 (1.79) |
| Unknown | 8 (4.7) | 0.05 (2.47) | 0.08 (1.49) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Smoker | 7 (4.1) | 0.08 (2.73) | 0.10 (2.07) |
| Non-smoker | 148 (87.1) | 0.06 (2.55) | 0.06 (1.96) |
| Unknown | 15 (8.8) | 0.08 (2.48) | 0.05 (3.53) |
| Parity | |||
| First live birth | 61 (35.9) | 0.06 (2.47) | 0.05 (1.97) |
| 1 Or more live births | 105 (61.8) | 0.07 (2.56) | 0.07 (2.15) |
| Unknown | 4 (2.4) | 0.06 (2.99) | 0.07 (2.15) |
| Gestational diabetes | |||
| Yes | 7 (4.1) | 0.04 (2.57) | 0.05 (2.00) |
| No | 163 (95.9) | 0.07 (2.53) | 0.06 (2.10) |
| Season of toenail collection | * | ||
| Spring | 50 (29.4) | — | 0.05 (2.47) |
| Summer | 25 (14.7) | — | 0.06 (1.64) |
| Fall | 51 (30.0) | — | 0.07 (1.80) |
| Winter | 44 (25.9) | — | 0.07 (2.09) |
| Mean daily energy intake | |||
| <2000 kcal | 86 (50.6) | 0.08 (2.48) | 0.07 (2.07) |
| ≥ 2000 kcal | 70 (41.2) | 0.05 (2.42) | 0.05 (2.15) |
| Unknown | 14 (8.2) | 0.08 (3.22) | 0.07 (1.74) |
| Rice consumption | * | ||
| Yes | 36 (21.2) | 0.09 (2.41) | 0.06 (2.35) |
| No | 134 (78.8) | 0.06 (2.53) | 0.06 (2.03) |
| Arsenic from water | ** | ** | |
| < 10 μg/day | 126 (74.1) | 0.06 (2.33) | 0.05 (1.93) |
| ≥ 10 μg/day | 29 (17.1) | 0.11 (2.72) | 0.13 (1.93) |
| Unknown | 15 (8.8) | 0.08 (3.10) | 0.07 (1.71) |
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.
*
P<0.05;
**
P<0.01. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare geometric means across categories.