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(a) Frequency dependence of differential capacitance for IPMCs with different electrode surface morphologies at 0.1 V DC bias with a 10 mV AC perturbation. (b) An alternative representation of the data: EIS capacitance vs. frequency vs. primary plating cycles. (c) Cyclic voltammograms measured at a potential scan rate of 50 mV/s. (d) Charging-discharging capacitance of IPMCs vs. primary plating cycles.
