Table 1.

Auditory Perception Construct

Genes	Molecules	Cells	Circuits	Physiology	Behavior	Self-Reports
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor	Glutamate; gamma- aminobutyric acid; N-methyl- d-aspartate; serotonin; acetylcholine	Cochlear hair cells; ribbon synapses; cortical and limbic inhibitory interneurons	Nodes in circuits; cochlea; brainstem; medial geniculate nucleus; primary auditory cortex; superior temporal gyrus; anterior insula; inferior colliculus. Circuits: dorsal/ ventral streams; corticofugal system	Sensory event- related potentials (eg, P50, N1); auditory steady- state response; Intracortical EEG; mismatch negativity; P3a; startle and prepulse inhibition; neural oscillations (eg, gamma- band response); adaptation/ habituation; regulation of hemodynamic components of sensory response and habituation	Stimulus detection;spatial localization; perceptual identification, priming, and learning	Auditory hallucinations; hyperacusis

Note: Paradigms—tone matching; deviance detection, regularity and change detection; McGurk (multisensory); auditory scene perception; bistability; novelty/oddball detection; speech in noise; cross-modal interactions; auditory masking; manipulation of interstimulus interval and intensity; object perception; categorization; gating; same-different tasks; tone detection (eg, just-noticeable-difference tasks), action-perception loops.