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. 2014 Aug 16;63(9):3077–3090. doi: 10.2337/db14-0235

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Diabetes affects a downstream target of mTORC2, the predominant TOR-associated complex in the retina. Rats with 3 months of diabetes were treated with either phloridzin twice daily or insulin subconjunctivally once daily for the last 4 days. Analysis of the level of serine 473 phosphorylation of Akt (A) and PKC-α (B), downstream targets of TORC2, showed that PKC-α was reduced by diabetes, and this effect is reversed by both local insulin and systemic phloridzin treatment (n ≥ 5/group). *Significantly different from control (P < 0.001). #Significantly different from diabetic (P < 0.05). C, control; D, diabetic; D+I, diabetic + insulin; D+P, diabetic + phloridzin; D+P+L, diabetic + phloridzin + local insulin. Further analysis of TORC complexes showed that the retina has a comparable level of expression to raptor but a higher level of expression of rictor compared with other insulin-sensitive tissues, including brain, liver, and skeletal muscle. A representative picture (C) is shown as well as a graphical representation of the quantification (D) (n = 4/group).