Table 2.
Effects of insulin and lipid-induced insulin resistance on differentially expressed UPR mRNA
| Gene bank accession no. | Symbol | Description | HG+HI (study 1) increase over basal >1.5 fold | HG+HI+lipid (study 2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UP binding, protein folding | ||||
| NM014278 | HSPA4L | Heat shock 70kDa protein 4-like | 2.95 | 1.15 |
| NM030752 | T-CP1 | T-complex 1 | 1.77 | 1.11 |
| NM198334 | GANAB | Glucosidase, α; neutral AB | 1.71 | 0.77 |
| NM021130 | PPIA | Peptidylprolyl isomerase A | 1.58 | 1.15 |
| NM013247 | HTRA2 | Htr A serine peptidase 2 | 1.52 | 1.04 |
| NM019891 | EROILB | Erol-like β | 1.53 | 1.18 |
| Translation regulation | ||||
| NM032025 | eIF2α | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A | 1.78 | 1.47 |
| NM004836 | eIF2αK3 | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α kinase 3 PERK | 1.58 | 1.22 |
| NM14330 | PPP1R15A | Protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 15A GADD 34 | 1.55 | 0.61 |
| ER-associated destruction (ERAD) | ||||
| NM153692 | HTRA4 | HtrA serine peptidase 4 | 4.12 | 1.31 |
| NM014685 | HERPUD1 | Homocysteine-inducible ER stress–inducible ubiquitine-like domain member-1 | 1.67 | 1.23 |
| NM013247 | HTRA2 | HtrA serine peptidase 2 | 1.52 | 1.04 |
| Transcription factors | ||||
| NM001433 | ERN1 | ER to nucleus signaling 1, IRE1 | 2.50 | 0.38 |
| NM005080 | XBP1 | X-box binding protein 1 | 2.22 | 1.29 |
| NM004083 | DDIT3 | DNA damage–inducible transcript 3, CHOP | 2.12 | 1.72 |
| NM001675 | ATF4 | Activating transcription factor 4 | 1.76 | 1.23 |
| NM004381 | ATF6B | Activating transcription 6β | 1.68 | 0.76 |
| HSP | ||||
| NM005527 | HSP AIL | Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1-like | 2.50 | 0.52 |
| NM006644 | HSP 1H | Heat shock 105 kDa protein 1 | 1.78 | 1.02 |
| NM006260 | DNAJC3 | Hsp40 homolog, subfamily C, member 3 | 1.76 | 1.42 |
| (mean 1.98 ± 0.14, decrease to <0.25 of basal) | (mean 1.08 ± 0.07; P < 0.001) | |||
| NM005194 | CEBPB | CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β, C/EBP β | 0.20 | 1.34 |
| NM025191 | EDEM3 | ER degradation enhancer mannosidase α-like 3 | 0.14 | 0.94 |
| NM005346 | HSPA1B | Heat shock 70 kDa protein-1 B | 0.41 | 0.94 |
| (mean 0.25 ± 0.08) | (mean 1.07 ± 0.13; P < 0.02) |
Subcutaneous upper-thigh fat biopsies were obtained before and after 8-h hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps without (HG+HI) and with (HG+HI+lipid) coinfusion of lipid. Shown are after/before mRNA ratios from pooled fat biopsies (n = 4) determined with a human UPR pathway array (cat. no. PAH-098Z; SABiosciences Co.).