. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 22.

Published in final edited form as: Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Dec;12(12):966–976. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70243-8

Table 5. Adjuvants used in HBV vaccines that have been assessed in RCTs.

	Populations studied	Results from RCT comparing adjuvanted with unadjuvanted HBV vaccine
GM-CSF	Adults with HIV	One study showed higher rates of seroprotection for adjuvanted vaccine;⁹³ one study showed no improvement in seroprotection for adjuvanted vaccine⁹⁴
CPG 7909	Adults with HIV	Higher rates of seroprotection and higher antibody titres for adjuvanted vaccine⁹⁵
1018 ISS	Healthy adults aged 40–70 years	Higher rates of seroprotection and higher antibody titres for adjuvanted vaccine⁹⁶
AS04	Pre-haemodialysis (creatinine clearance ≤30 mL/min) and haemodialysis patients	Improved rates of seroprotection, higher antibody titres, and greater persistence of seroprotection for adjuvanted vaccine⁹⁷
AS02	Pre-haemodialysis (creatinine clearance ≤30 mL/min), peritoneal dialysis, and haemodialysis patients	Improved rates of seroprotection and higher antibody titres for adjuvanted vaccine⁹⁸

HBV=hepatitis B virus. RCT=randomised controlled trial. GM-CSF=granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.