Table 1.

Localization of FEF across studies, techniques and species.

Technique	Localization	Studies
Microstimulation and recordings in non-human primates	Posterior part of the pre-arcuate sulcus	Bizzi, 1968; Robinson and Fuchs, 1969; Wurtz and Mohler, 1976; Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Bruce et al., 1985; Segraves and Goldberg, 1987; MacAvoy et al., 1991; Gottlieb et al., 1993, 1994; Izawa et al., 2004a,b, 2009
	stimulation of the dorsal premotor area in owl monkeys can also evoke saccades	Preuss et al., 1996
Microstimulation in implanted patients	Posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus	Foerster, 1936
	All frontal gyri and pre-central gyrus	Rasmussen and Penfield, 1948
	At the level of and in front of the motor representation	Godoy et al., 1990
	Posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus and neighboring portions of the superior frontal gyrus but not in the inferior frontal gyrus or in the pre-central sulcus	Blanke et al., 2000
PET	Anterior portion of the pre-central gyrus	Fox et al., 1985; Anderson et al., 1994; Law et al., 1997
	Posterior portion of the pre-central gyrus	Sweeney et al., 1996
	Pre-central sulcus	Petit et al., 1995, 1996; Paus, 1996
	Middle frontal gyrus (about 3.5 cm anterior to the precentral sulcus and 1.1 cm posterior to the DLPFC)	Kawashima et al., 1998; Interpretation by Tehovnik et al., 2000
fMRI	Several foci within the pre-central sulcus, at the junction of the superior frontal sulcus, potentially extending to the pre-central gyrus	Darby et al., 1996; Muri et al., 1996; Petit and Haxby, 1999; Petit et al., 1997; Berman et al., 1999; Luna et al., 1998; Corbetta et al., 1998; Beauchamp et al., 2001; Rosano et al., 2002; Grosbras et al., 2005
	Pre-central sulcus, at the junction of the middle frontal gyrus	Amiez et al., 2006
fMRI in non-human primates	3 foci: 1 in the bank of the arcuate sulcus, and 2 in the inferior and superior precentral sulci	Koyama et al., 2004
MEG	Rostral location; or shift from the rostral (similar to microstimulation non-human primates studies) to the caudal (similar to human neuroimaging studies) location during saccade preparation	Ioannides et al., 2004, 2005, 2010
TMS	2 cm anterior to the inter-aural line, approximately 6 cm lateral to the vertex, between areas over which TMS evokes motor potential in hand's and face's muscles (or possibly more rostrally)	Thickbroom et al., 1996
	2 or 1.5 cm rostral to the motor hand area (probably belonging to the middle frontal gyrus close to the pre-central sulcus)	Ro et al., 1999, 2002
	FEF determined anatomically (within the middle frontal gyrus, rostral from the junction of the pre-central and the superior central sulci), then the authors measured that this area was about 3–4 cm rostral to the motor hand area representation; Talairach coordinates close to the ones from Paus (1996)	O'Shea et al., 2004; Silvanto et al., 2006