Table 1.
Localization of FEF across studies, techniques and species.
| Technique | Localization | Studies |
|---|---|---|
| Microstimulation and recordings in non-human primates | Posterior part of the pre-arcuate sulcus | Bizzi, 1968; Robinson and Fuchs, 1969; Wurtz and Mohler, 1976; Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Bruce et al., 1985; Segraves and Goldberg, 1987; MacAvoy et al., 1991; Gottlieb et al., 1993, 1994; Izawa et al., 2004a,b, 2009 |
| stimulation of the dorsal premotor area in owl monkeys can also evoke saccades | Preuss et al., 1996 | |
| Microstimulation in implanted patients | Posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus | Foerster, 1936 |
| All frontal gyri and pre-central gyrus | Rasmussen and Penfield, 1948 | |
| At the level of and in front of the motor representation | Godoy et al., 1990 | |
| Posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus and neighboring portions of the superior frontal gyrus but not in the inferior frontal gyrus or in the pre-central sulcus | Blanke et al., 2000 | |
| PET | Anterior portion of the pre-central gyrus | Fox et al., 1985; Anderson et al., 1994; Law et al., 1997 |
| Posterior portion of the pre-central gyrus | Sweeney et al., 1996 | |
| Pre-central sulcus | Petit et al., 1995, 1996; Paus, 1996 | |
| Middle frontal gyrus (about 3.5 cm anterior to the precentral sulcus and 1.1 cm posterior to the DLPFC) | Kawashima et al., 1998; Interpretation by Tehovnik et al., 2000 | |
| fMRI | Several foci within the pre-central sulcus, at the junction of the superior frontal sulcus, potentially extending to the pre-central gyrus | Darby et al., 1996; Muri et al., 1996; Petit and Haxby, 1999; Petit et al., 1997; Berman et al., 1999; Luna et al., 1998; Corbetta et al., 1998; Beauchamp et al., 2001; Rosano et al., 2002; Grosbras et al., 2005 |
| Pre-central sulcus, at the junction of the middle frontal gyrus | Amiez et al., 2006 | |
| fMRI in non-human primates | 3 foci: 1 in the bank of the arcuate sulcus, and 2 in the inferior and superior precentral sulci | Koyama et al., 2004 |
| MEG | Rostral location; or shift from the rostral (similar to microstimulation non-human primates studies) to the caudal (similar to human neuroimaging studies) location during saccade preparation | Ioannides et al., 2004, 2005, 2010 |
| TMS | 2 cm anterior to the inter-aural line, approximately 6 cm lateral to the vertex, between areas over which TMS evokes motor potential in hand's and face's muscles (or possibly more rostrally) | Thickbroom et al., 1996 |
| 2 or 1.5 cm rostral to the motor hand area (probably belonging to the middle frontal gyrus close to the pre-central sulcus) | Ro et al., 1999, 2002 | |
| FEF determined anatomically (within the middle frontal gyrus, rostral from the junction of the pre-central and the superior central sulci), then the authors measured that this area was about 3–4 cm rostral to the motor hand area representation; Talairach coordinates close to the ones from Paus (1996) | O'Shea et al., 2004; Silvanto et al., 2006 |