Table 4.

Effects of FEF lesions on eye movements.

Type of eye movement	Paradigm	Effects of FEF lesions	Studies	Interpretation
Reflexive saccades	Gap	Shorter latencies	Pierrot-Deseilligny et al., 1987	Disinhibition of the SC
		Longer latencies for ipsilesional saccades	Henik et al., 1994	Disinhibition of ipsilesional midbrain structures and inhibition of contralesional SC
		Normal latencies	Pierrot-Deseilligny et al., 1991; Rivaud et al., 1994; Gaymard et al., 1999	Mild involvement of the FEF in the triggering of the most reflexive saccades
	Briefly flashed targets	Normal latencies	Guitton et al., 1985
	Overlap	Increased latencies for contralesional saccades	Gaymard et al., 1999	Involvement of the FEF in fixation disengagement and/or the general triggering of pro-saccades
		Increased latencies for ipsilesional saccades	Machado and Rafal, 2004a
		Increased latencies for both contra- and ipsilesional saccades	Rivaud et al., 1994
Voluntary saccades	Saccades in response to an arrow cue presented centrally	Increased latencies for contralesional saccades	Henik et al., 1994	Major role of the FEF in triggering voluntary contralateral saccades
	Memory-guided saccades	Increased latencies for bilateral saccades	Rivaud et al., 1994; Gaymard et al., 1999	Involvement of the FEF in fixation disengagement and/or triggering of saccades
Anti-saccades	Anti-saccades	Increased percentage of erroneous pro-saccades toward a contralesioal visual target	Guitton et al., 1985; Machado and Rafal, 2004b	FEF lesions would not only result in a contralesional inhibition of the SC but also in a hypersensitivity of the ipsilesional SC to trigger contralesional saccades
		No enhancement of the percentage of erroneous pro-saccades	Rivaud et al., 1994; Gaymard et al., 1999	Controversial role of the FEF in reflexive saccade inhibition
		Increased latencies for bilateral correct anti-saccades	Rivaud et al., 1994; Gaymard et al., 1999	Involvement of the FEF in triggering voluntary saccades
Predictive saccades	Predictable direction, amplitude and timing	Decreased percentage of contralesional predictive saccades	Rivaud et al., 1994	Importance of the FEF (together with the DLPFC and other subcortical structures) for predictive movements
Other eye movement parameters (gain)	Predictive, memory-guided & reflexive saccades	Deteriorated gain of contralesional saccades	Rivaud et al., 1994; Gaymard et al., 1999	Involvement of the FEF in the computation of retinotopic saccades (for which the target location is determined in respect to the position of the eye, see Pierrot-Deseilligny et al., 1995)
	Smooth pursuit, OKN	Deteriorated gain of ipsilesional smooth pursuit and OKN	Rivaud et al., 1994	Involvement of the FEF in the computation of other types of eye movements